150 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Distribution: Found throughout Europe, most of Asia 
and parts of Northern Africa. 
Habitat: Open country, @ors or marshes. 
MONTAGU’S HARRIER. 
Circus cineraceus (4/nz). 
Adult Male: Head, neck, centre of back, and scapulars 
ashy-grey ; wing-coverts, secondaries and tail paler grey; 
secondaries marked with three dusky bars on inner webs; 
outer web of fifth primary entire (not notched); outer tail- 
feathers barred with chestnut and whitish ; upper tail-coverts 
white ; chest ashy-grey; rest of under parts white, dreast- 
feathers having a narrow central streak of chestnut; bill 
black; legs, feet,cere and irides yellow. Length 17 to 18 inches; 
CHLIMen Ts swing 13°7'5% Stall o725% tarsus 2°95: 
Adult Female: Above dark brown, marked with pale 
rufous ; wings darker brown, barred with greyish rufous-brown ; 
tail-feathers very much as in female of C. cyaneus ; under parts 
pale rufous buff, streaked more or less with deep chestnut- 
brown ; slightly larger than the male. 
Young: More uniform chocolate-brown above than adult 
female; crown and wing-coverts margined with pale rufous; outer 
tail-feathers rufescent-buff, barred with dark brown; upper 
tail-coverts white, with narrow shaft-lines of brown; some of 
anterior ones washed with tawny ; throat pale ochreous ; facial 
ruff and rest of under parts pale rufous-buff, streaked on chest 
and flanks with reddish-brown. 
Distribution : Occurs throughout most parts of Europe, 
Asia and Africa, but is a summer visitant only to Northern 
Europe, not ranging further than about lat. 60° N. 
Habitat : Similar to that of C. cyaneus. 
PALLID HARRIER. 
Circus swainsoni (Smzth). 
Adult Male: Closely resembles male C. cyaneus, but has 
the web of the fifth primary unnotched, is paler grey alove, has 
