156 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Distribution : Resident in Pomerania, ranging southward 
through Russia, and ae on migration in Egypt and 
Northern Africa. 
Habitat: Similar to that of A. clanga. 
STEPPE EAGLE. 
Aquila nipalensis //oc'ss. 
Adult: Prevailing colour pale brown, both above and he- 
neath ; some of back feathers and crown darker ; wing-coverts 
more or less broadly tipped with pale fulvous ; wing and tail- 
quills blackish-brown ; the latter pale tipped and crossed by 
ashy-grey transverse bars ; upper tail-coverts white, or marked 
with brown ; abdomen paler brown than rest of under parts, 
and slightly shaded with rufous; bill horn-black ; nostrils ob- 
long and vertical; cere and feet deep yellow; irides brown. 
Length 30 to 31 inches ; culmen 2°73 wing 235 tail’ 1752 
tarsus 3°8. 
Young: In general appearance dark earth-brown above and 
beneath, paler on chin; upper and under tail-coverts pale 
ochreous-fawn colour; wings and wing-coverts more or less 
broadly tipped with buff; tail barred with ashy-grey and 
broadly tipped with shaded reddish-buff ; under wing-coverts 
dark brown, marked with rufescent-buff. In some the nape 
and back feathers are somewhat speckled with buff at the ex- 
treme tips. 
Distribution : Inhabits South-eastern Europe, Western- 
central Asia and India. 
Habitat: Wild open country. High steppe regions. 
WHITE-SHOULDERED OR SPANISH 
IMPERIAL EAGLE. 
Aquila adalberti 4rehm. 
Adult : Centre of crown, back and under parts dark brown ; 
nape and sides of face sandy-brown ; a large patch on either 
carpal joint and several feathers on the back between the 
shoulders pure white ; tail dark brown, marbled with grey ; a few 
