PELECANIDA:—CORMORANTS. 175 
Order STEGANOPODES. 
Family PELECANID/. 
Genus PHALACROCORAX. 
CORMORANT. 
Phalacrocorax carbo (Lz). 
Adult (Summer) : Forehead, crown, neck and under parts 
black, feathers of crown elongated (said to be more so in female 
than in male); those of neck more or less mixed with white 
hair-like feathers ; gular pouch yellow, bare, surrounded with 
white ; quills and tail-feathers black ; rest of upper feathers 
dark brown, bordered with black ; Zarge patch on either thigh 
pure white; bill brown; irides green ; legs and feet black. 
Length 34 to 36 inches; culmen 3°6; wing 14to14°5 ; Zaz, of 
fourteen rectrices, 7; tarsus 2°7. 
Adult (Winter) : Paler and greener in general tint ; head 
and neck feathers more conspicuously mixed with white ; white 
band surrounding gular pouch much larger in extent. 
Immature Birds: Have the back feathers browner, 
tinged with bronze ; head and hind neck brown; under parts 
brownish-white, marked with brown; sides of body dark 
brown, no white spot on thighs ; bill brown, paler beneath. 
Young in down: Pale sooty-brown. 
Distribution: Almost a cosmopolitan species, frequenting 
most coasts except those of the Western Pacific. 
Habitat: Precipitous sea cliffs. Breeds in colonies. 
SHAG. ' 
Phalacrocorax graculus (Zzvm). 
Adult (Summer) : General colour rich dark green, glossed 
