202 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
back and wings much as in @€le, but the vermiculations are 
brown, and are absent on wing-coverts ; chest reddish-brown, 
the feathers with paler mottlings ; abdomen greyish-white, 
flanks vermiculated and otherwise marked with brown. 
Young in mrst plumage: Resemble adults but are 
browner above and less marked on the flanks. Males may be 
distinguished by their redder fore parts and backs speckled 
with white. 
Immature Males: Are browner on the chest. 
Distribution: Found throughout most parts of Europe, 
excepting in the extreme north; ranges across Central Asia 
to Japan and occurs in various parts of India. 
Habitat : Ponds and fresh-water lakes, or the sea-coast in 
winter. 
RED-CRESTED POCHARD. 
Fuligula rufina (Fad’.). 
Adult Maile: ead and fore neck reddish-brown, the crown 
feathers somewhat paler and elongated ; lower neck, breast 
and abdomen black ; back and tail pale brown ; secondaries 
and some of primaries white ; zng-speculum, shoulders and 
Jtanks white ; bill, legs and feet bright orange ; the nail of bill 
white ; irides reddish-brown. Length 21 inches ; culmen 2°25 ; 
Wwing-To tO 10°75 ;-tarsus 175) 
Adult Female: Crown feathers less elongated: general 
colour of upper parts greyish-brown, suffused with yellowish- 
brown on head, darkest on rump and palest on margins of 
some of scapulars; white shoulder-spot absent; white of 
primaries and secondaries suffused with grey; beneath white 
mostly marked with grey. 
Young in first plumage: Much resemble adult female 
but are marked beneath with brown. Males at all ages have 
longer crests than females. 
Distribution : Inhabits the southern countries of Europe, 
breeding in Eastern Spain, the Mediterranean islands, also in 
southern parts of Germany and Russia. Breeds also in 
South-western Asia and in the Northern Sahara. 
Habitat: Frequents fresh waters almost exclusively. 
