232 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Males of the Year : Thgggh in some respects resembling 
the adult male, retain the female plumage in parts, especially 
on the mantle, upper tail-coverts, breast and flanks. 
Distribution: Inhabits the pine forests of Scandinavia, 
Central Europe, the Pyrenees and Carpathians. Found in 
Siberia as far east as Lake Baikal. 
Habitat: Partial to fir forests, often at considerable eleva- 
tion. 
Genus TETRAOGALLUS. 
CAUCASIAN SNOW-PARTRIDGE. 
Tetraogallus caucasicus (FPa//.). 
Adult Male: Crown, nape and hind neck ashy-grey ; chin 
and throat white, bordered laterally by a band of ashy-grey ; 
sides of neck also white ; upper parts generally greyish-black 
vermiculated (except on fore part of back) with buff; wing- 
coverts and scapulars spotted with buff and fox-red ; central 
rectrices black, vermiculated with buffy-white ; remaining ones 
black, tipped with chestnut ; chest buffy-white, closely barred 
with black ; rest of under parts very dark grey, mottled with 
buffy-white, the flanks more slaty in tinge, each feather d70adly 
margined on either side with rufous, and externally with black ; 
under tail-coverts white ; bill yellowish, browner towards tip ; 
legs orange-yellow ; irides dark brown. Length 2z inches ; cul- 
men 1°24 wink 10754 tail 7; tarsus.225. 
Adult Female: Resembles the male, but is much duller 
and paler in colour ; crown and hind neck tinged with reddish- 
brown ; moustachial band reddish-brown. 
Young: Closely resemble adult female, but are much greyer 
about the head and neck. 
Distribution : Restricted entirely to the range of the Cau- 
casus. 
Habitat: High mountain ranges above the region of trees. 
