266 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Young (Winter): Clos@ resemble adults, but may be 
distinguished by their dark brown innermost secondaries with 
white borders. 
Distribution : Summer visitant to the Arctic regions of 
both hemispheres, occurring on most European coasts on pas- 
sage. Some winter in the Mediterranean region; found also 
at that season in South Africa, Southern Asia, Patagonia, &c. 
Habitat: The sea-shore, rarely retiring far inland. 
Genus MACHETES. 
<7 
* 
RU Poy * 
Machetes pugnax (Lzuz.). 
Adult Male (Summer): Face covered with yellow warty 
pimples ; sides of occiput adorned by two tufts of elongated 
feathers ; avound the throat a large and conspicuous ruff; in 
colour exceedingly variable, changing occasionally even in the 
same individual in different seasons ; some are yellowish-white, 
barred with black, or black glossed with purple, or barred with 
white, chestnut-red, or chestnut barred with black or white, &c. 
Upper parts likewise variable in colour, the general appearance 
being a mixture of greyish-brown, yellowish-white, reddish-brown 
and black, sides of breast and flanks pale reddish-brown, barred 
transversely with black or entirely black ; abdomen, under tail- 
coverts and axz//artes white; wing- and tail-quills almost uniform 
brown, the central rectrices barred with dark brown ; bill yel- 
lowish-orange, darker at tip ; legs and feet yellowish-brown ; 
irides hazel. Length 10-5 to 12 inches; culmen 1°5 ; wing 7 to 
won. otal 295 eteamStS MT; 
Adult Male (Winter): “ Differs from the summer dress 
in entirely lacking the ruff and tubercles on the face ; the chin 
is whitish; the throat and neck greyish-brown, varied with dark 
brown ” (Dresser). 
Adult Female (known as the Reeve) (Summer) : Smaller 
than the male ; without the ruff and occipital tufts at all sea- 
sons ; above cinereous-brown mixed with velvety-black ; neck 
and breast very similar, but paler ; abdomen white ; bill brown- 
ish ; legs and feet yellowish-brown. 
Young in first plumage: ‘ Resemble adult females in 
summer plumage in the colour of their upper parts, but in that 
