SCOLOPACID42—SANDPIPER. 267 
of their under parts they resemble adults in winter plumage, 
except that in both the white is replaced by buff, very pale in 
the centre of the belly and the under tail-coverts ” (Seebohm). 
Young (Winter) : Very like adults, but much darker on 
the breast. 
Distribution: Breeds throughout the greater part of 
Northern Europe and Asia, except in the extreme north. Oc- 
curs also in North America casually and is found in winter as 
far south as Cape Colony, India and sometimes in Borneo. 
Habitat : Extensive marshes or swampy moorlands. 
Genus TOTANUS. 
COMMON SANDPIPER. ed 
Totanus hypoleucus (Zzn.). 
Adult (Summer): General colour of upper farts olive- 
brown, glossed, especially on the hinder parts, with bronze, 
barred, streaked or otherwise marked with dark brown ; wings 
dull blackish-brown, Jarred with white; spurious wing white, 
outermost rectrices chiefly white barred with brown, most of 
the other tail-feathers white tipped; superciliary stripe and chin 
white ; breast and sides of neck greyish, streaked with brown ; 
rest of under parts including axi//aries white ; bill dark brown, 
paler at the base beneath; legs and feet greyish-olive ; claws 
black ; irides hazel. Length 7 to 7°25 inches; culmen 1 ; 
wing 42, tail 2; tarsus o’9. 
Adult (Winter): Dark streaks on upper parts hardly 
observable except on wing and upper tail-coverts ; sides of 
breast and neck washed with brown, but hardly streaked at all. 
Young: Most of feathers on upper parts tipped with buff 
and subterminally banded with dark brown; beneath as in 
adults in winter. 
Distribution: Temperate portions of Europe and Northern 
Asia in summer, migrating southward in autumn to the coasts 
of Africa, to the Indian and Australian regions. 
Habitat: Margins of mountain streams or tarns, or during 
the migrating period frequenting mud flats or rocky coasts. 
