270 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
dark brown; primaries daxggebrown, the inner ones white, 
marbled with brown towards the tips; secondaries pure white, 
mottled with brown at their bases; beneath white, thickly 
striated with dark brown on chin, throat and breast, less so on 
the abdomen ; flanks and under tail-coverts barred with brown; 
bill orange, black towards tip; /egs and feet orange-red ; claws 
black ; irides hazel-brown. Length rr inches; culmen 1°75 3 
wing. 6°2 ; tail 2°75 ; tarsus 1°8. 
Adult (Winter): Crown, nape, hind neck, mantle and 
scapulars hair-brown ; beneath white, washed with brown on 
sides of chest, and sparingiy streaked on neck and breast with 
darker brown. 
Young in first plumage: Feathers of fore parts above 
brown, margined with buffish-white spots, each spot obscurely 
emphasised by blackish behind; under parts more streaked 
than adults in winter and less so than those in summer dress. 
Distribution : Found throughout most of Europe and Asia 
in summer, migrating southward in autumn to South Africa 
and the Indian region. 
Habitat: Sea-shore or marine mud flats, breeding in 
marshes inland. 
SPOTTED OR DUSKY REDSHANK. 
Totanus fuscus (Lzyz.). 
Adult (Summer): Head, neck and under parts dull slaty- 
grey ; back, scapulars, secondaries, and inner primaries dark 
glossy brown, spotted or barred with white ; outer primaries 
and lesser wing-coverts dusky brown; rump white ; tail white, 
closely barred with brown ; centre of abdomen, flanks and 
under tail-coverts more or less marked with white ; bill black, 
orange at base beneath; legs and feet orange-brown ; irides 
hazel-brown. Length about 12 inches; cudmen 2:3; wing 6°25 
fo°6"5 5 tail 2:6; tarsus, 272% 
Adult (Winter) : Head, hind neck, mantle, scapulars, and 
innermost secondaries uniform greyish-brown, the margins 
of the latter having dark brown and white spots ; superciliary 
region white; beneath white, shaded with greyish-brown on 
breast and flanks ; legs and feet brighter orange ; otherwise as 
in summer. 
