R04, A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
habits, but is distinguishabl@™by the 2c27 which is very short 
and thick and the upper mandible, horn-coloured at the vase. 
Length 16'5 to 18 inches; culmen 1°3, greatest depth about 
o°6; wing 8°5; tarsus 1°5. 
Distribution: Inhabits the Circumpolar regions, occur- 
ring as far south as the North Sea coasts very occasionally 
during winter. 
Habitat: Similar to that of U. ¢roz/e. 
Genus MERGULUS. 
LitTee AUX. 
Merculus alle (Zzm.). 
Adult (Summer): A spot over either eye, margins of 
some scapulars, tips of secondaries and under parts below 
chest wAite, otherwise black; bill black; legs and feet brown- 
ish flesh-colour ; irides hazel. Length 8 inches ; culmen 0°6 ; 
wing 4°75; tarsus 0°8. 
Adult Winter: Throat and chest white, otherwise much 
as in summer. 
Young: Are browner than adults and lack the white over 
the eye and on scapulars. 
Distribution: Breeds in Greenland, on Grimsey Island 
(Iceland), in Novaya Zemlya and Spitzbergen. Occurs south- 
ward in winter to the North Sea and westward to the 
Canaries and down to New Jersey. 
Habitat: Strictly oceanic. 
Genus FRATERCULA. 
PUFFIN: 
Fratercula arctica (Zzzz.). 
Adult (Summer): User parts and a broad collar black, 
browner on the wings and crown ; face and chin white, shaded 
with ashy-grey; rest of wader parts white; bill higher than 
long, slate-blue, ridged across with orange ; legs and feet orange ; 
