THE GAME ANIMALS OF CANADA 67 
Caribou Warble-Fly.—Before leaving this animal, refer- 
ence should be made to the occurrence of warbles in the 
hides of the caribou. During the spring and summer a 
species of warble-fly (Zdamagena iarandi L.) deposits its 
eggs on the coat of the caribou, and the small maggots bore 
into the skin and ultimately find a resting-place beneath 
the skin, particularly on the back of the animal. By Oc- 
tober the presence of these maggots can be noticed on ac- 
count of the lumps or ‘‘warbles”’ on the hide. The maggots 
continue to grow, and pierce the hide for the purpose of 
breathing. Early in the spring they emerge through the 
holes that they have made in the hide and fall to the 
ground, where they change into brownish-black pups, from 
which the flies emerge. Owing to the numerous holes made 
in the skin of the caribou by these maggots the skins are 
rendered useless for dressing, and the total destruction of 
hides is very great. As is well known, our domestic cattle 
are attacked by a closely related species of warble-fly. 
The Eskimos are very fond of the large, juicy maggots, and 
whenever a caribou affected with maggots is killed and 
skinned they pick the living grubs off the under sides of the 
skins and eat them raw with great relish. To a taste accus- 
tomed to consuming all kinds of raw meat they are no doubt 
delicacies of a high order. 
The caribou are tormented by myriads of black flies and 
mosquitoes, and it is no doubt largely on account of these 
pests that they travel northward in the spring, although they 
are by no means able to escape the hordes of these blood- 
sucking insects that occur in the north in the spring and 
early summer. 
THE WOODLAND CARIBOU AND RELATED SPECIES 
While zoologists are still undecided as to the number of 
species of caribou that occur in Canada, it is possible to 
separate four distinct species, namely: (1) the barren-ground 
