DOMESTICATION OF RUMINATING MAMMALS 317 
tober, 1910. The history of the remaining five members of 
the Rainey herd, consisting of four males and one female, 
was as follows: one male died three years later (1913) of 
pneumonia, a second male died in the same year, cedema of 
the lungs and chronic catarrh being the cause of its death; 
a third male and the female died in 1916, six years after their 
arrival in New York, the deaths in both cases being due to 
fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys, and cedema 
of the lungs. The remaining male died in February, 1918, 
having lived in captivity for seven years and nine months. 
The cause of its death was general malnutrition; there was 
no actual organic disease. To this animal “‘all civilized food 
finally became so distasteful that its appetite failed com- 
pletely.”” Experience showed that, in captivity, neither the 
hardy Rocky Mountain goat nor the musk-ox can endure 
soaking rains in weather that is either cold or cool. ‘‘The 
woolly under-coats of both these species when once satu- 
rated with cold water remain so saturated for two or three 
days, and inactive captive animals cannot withstand the 
cold, wet blanket.” 
Describing the habits of the musk-ox in captivity, Doctor 
Hornaday states: ‘‘In view of the impatient and dangerous 
temper of the adult musk-ox, amounting in some cases to 
positive savagery, it was at all times necessary to handle 
the animals with the utmost care, and at night each one 
required to have its own separate box-stall. The standard 
food of our musk-oxen was red clover hay and crushed oats. 
In summer they were given constantly a moderate supply 
of freshly-cut green grass, but this supply was carefully 
limited to avoid intestinal disorders and diarrhoea. They 
were allowed all the water that they cared to drink, twice 
per day. It was the expectation of the public that our 
musk-oxen would suffer during the warm weather of mid- 
summer, but all those expectations were happily disap- 
pointed. The location chosen for the herd proved to be 
