- 30 — 



As in the case of many other Tijian birds, Mr. La yard was able to show that the several distinct 

 species of Bush-shrikes were much localized in their ranges in the islands, each of the larger islands generally 

 having its own peculiar species (cf. Lay. P. Z. S. 1875, 433; ib. 1876, 494; ib. 1879, 147; Ibis 1876. 146, 

 154,891,392,505; ib. 1881, 170). Mr. Layard's conclusions were somewhat undjjne by Dr. (iadow, who 

 found specimens of one species in localities, which were supposed to be the peculiar habitats of others (Cat. 

 B. VIII 190, 191, 202), and this called for a critique in support of Mr. Layard by Canon Tristram (Ibis 

 1884, 398, 399) maintaining that each form belongs to its own island and is to be found nowhere else. This 

 view has been taken up recently in a paper on the subject by Mr. Seebohm (Ibis 1891, 93—99). It appears, 

 < notwithstanding, that two of the species are less restricted in their range than is thought to be the case. 



In Ibis, 1876, 146, 154, 505 and P. Z. S. 1876,494 Mr. Layard speaks of „P. icteroides" as 

 a species without any black collar belonging to Ovalau and Viti Levu (the Rewa). Subsequently, finding that 

 this name was that of a Samoan species, he described the species he had called by it as P. neglect a 

 (P. Z. S. 1879, 147), as he held that the name P. graeffei Hartl. belonged to a distinct race on Yanua 

 Levu. P. graeffei, however, came from Viti Levu, as Dr. Griiffe's label shows; and it is thus, in all 

 probability, the same as Mr. Layards collarless P. icteroides of that island and Ovalau. The latter 

 island is the only locality mentioned in the subsequent description of that species as P. neglecta. In P. 

 neglecta it would rather appear that two forms — a collared and a collarless one — are iconcerned; for, 

 „in some specimens a few straggling black feathers on the lower part of the throat, encroaching on each side 

 of the chest, seem to point to the formation of a narrow black collar, such as is found in P. inter- 

 media'', (Lay. 1. c), and there are specimens from (Ovalau, — one in the British Museum, for instance, — with 

 a considerable collar formed. It might thus be supposed that the collarless specimens are immature, but the 

 type of P. graeffei and other examples without any collar are obviously in perfect plumage, and the young 

 males of collared species appear to assume the black band at the same time as the yellow underside, from 

 which it may be inferred that the collarless specimens of P. neglecta are probably distinct from those which 

 are assuming the collar. Moreover, the latter examples are evidently the same as P. intermedia Lay., for 

 their specific distinction from that species depends only upon the absence of a narrow black collar (Ibis, 1876, 

 154), and it is found that a black collar, narrower than in P. torcjuata, is assumed by them. This view is 

 confirmed by in Mr. Layard's statement that he found P. i ntermedia in Oval.au, the home of P. neglecta, 

 as well as Viti Levu (P. Z. S. 1876, 494); and it should be remembered that, when describing P. neglecta, he 

 was under the disadvantage of having no specimen of P. intermedia before him (P. Z. S. 1879, 147). 

 Mr. Seebohm regards the existence of a Pachycephala with a black pectoral band on Viti Levu as 

 somewhat apocryphal ; there is, however, such a specimen in the Hamburg Museum marked „Viti Levu" 

 by that accurate authority, Kleinschmidt. Further, in the Berlin Museum there is a specimen with a 

 rather broad collar and no yellow spot on the lores which is stated to have come from Vanua Levu. It is. 

 probably, P. intermedia. Thus this species should be marked as belonging to Viti Levu, Ovalau and 

 'i Vanua Levu. 



The collarless race of Vanua Levu (P. aurautiiventris Seebohm) corresponds so closely with 

 the type of P. graeffei in the Bremen Museum that it can with dift"iculty be held distinct. It is, however, 

 evident, from Mr. Layard's repeated statements, that Viti Levu birds generally have a lighter yellow under- 

 side than those of Vanua Levu. 



145.* Pachycephala flavifrons. 



Eiopsaltria flavifrons Vcale, U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 96 pi. 2« f. 1; lUiril. "Wiegm. Arch. 1852, 

 100; r«*v. U. S. Exp. 1858, 160, pi. X, 1. — Eiopsaltria icteroides Veah, U. S. Expl. Exp. 97, pi. '26 f. 2; 

 llartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, 100; Up. C. R. 1854, 537; CVm. U. S. Exp. 161, pi. X, 3. — Eiopsaltria albi- 

 frons Vmh. ib. 97, pi. 26 f. 3, juv.; Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, 101; Cas:,. U. S. Exp. 162. pi. \, '_'. — Pie 

 grifeche a diadfeme II.ciJ. A'oy. Pole Sud, pi. 5 f. 1. — Eopsaltria diademata .I.ttl'. ih. 1853 ill, 55. — 

 Pachycephala hombroui lip. Consp. 1850 I, 329. — Pachycephala diademata Unuj. B. Trop. Is. 20. — Pachy- 

 cephala flavifrons OV«y, B. Trop. Is. 20; F.>tU. Orn. Centralpnl. 7.S; ^:,■,t,|, H. L. I. 388 no. 5888; Li'il. P. 

 Z. S. 1876, 493; id. Ibis 1876, 505; id. P. Z. S. 1879, 147. — Pachycephala albifrons Ca,,. B. Trop. Is. 

 21: F.ftll. Orn. Centralpol. 79; dra,,. IT. L. I, 38!i no. 5904: Fmsrh. J. f. O. 1872, 32, 41; La,,. P. Z. S. 

 1876, 493; "/. Ibis 1876, 505. — Pachycephala icteroides I'., til, Orn. Centralpol. 76; dray, II. L. I, 388 



