THe SHUBELDT JUNCO. = #  — zat 
to Greenland and the high North, once covered half the continent. In our 
own mountains we see the vestigial traces of glaciers which were once of noble 
proportions. We know that the southward advance of the continental ice- 
sheet must have driven all animal life before it; and, likewise, that the territory 
since relinquished by the ice has been regained by the animals. What more 
natural than that we should witness thru close observation the northward 
advance of those varieties of birds which are best suited to withstand cold, 
and the corresponding occupation of abandoned territory on the part of those 
next south? 
Juncoes, moreover, are erratic in their migrations, and in the West, at 
least, tend to become non-migratory. While Oregon Juncoes are the common 
winter birds of Puget Sound, Shufeldt’s are not entirely absent at this season, 
and we may even look to see them hold their own thruout the year. The 
problem is further complicated by what we call vertical migration, by which 
is meant that mountain birds descend to the valleys in winter instead of flying 
southward. Our winter Shufeldts, therefore, may or may not be strictly 
resident on, say, Steilacoom Prairie. ‘The summer birds may retire to Cali- 
fornia; the winter birds may have descended from the Olympics or Mount 
Rainier. 
No. 48. 
SHUFELDT’S JUNCO. 
A. O. U. No. 567b. Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale). 
Synonyms.—WAsHINGTON JUNco. Hysrip SNow-zirp (Coues). Rocky 
Mountain Junco (Coues). 
Description.—Adults: Similar to J. oreganus but back (in males) grayish, 
or grayish-brown to sepia; in females sepia to drab; black of head and throat 
more slaty; also averaging larger. Length: 6.00-6.50 (152.4-165); wing 3.15 
(eo) talllet72 (Go); bill 43 (1) | tarsus :83, (21) 
Recognition Marks.—Sparrow size; black of head and throat contrasting 
with brownish-gray of back and with white of breast; grayer on back than 
preceding. 
Nesting.—Nest: much as in preceding, occasionally placed at moderate 
heights in trees. Eggs: 4 or 5, pale bluish white, spotted and blotched with light 
reddish brown and lavender, usually in light ring, occasionally in confluent mass 
about larger end; size larger than preceding. Av. 80x .60 (20.3 x 15.2). Season: 
fourth week in April to August according to altitude; two broods. 
General Range.—Breeding from northern Oregon north into British Co- 
lumbia east to mountains of Alberta and Idaho; south in winter over Rocky 
Mountain plateau region to Mexico,—northern California. 
