X CONTENTS 



CHAPTER II. 



RANGE BASES OR REFUGE AREAS. 



I'AGE 



Results of Climatic Change during Post-Tertiary Time — Con- 

 dition of Europe during the Ice Age — Condition of the 

 Mediterranean Area — North-West Africa during Pliocene 

 and Post-Tertiary Time— The Saharan Region — Influence 

 of the Sahara on the Distribution of Species — North-East 

 Africa — Commingling of Pala^arctic and Ethiopian Types 

 — Homogeneity of the Fauna and Flora of Europe and 

 North-West Africa— Pleistocene Land Connections between 

 Africa and Europe — Effects of Glacial Epoch on the Euro- 

 Asian JNIammalia of the Miocene and Pliocene Eras — Com- 

 mingling of Pala^arctic and Ethiopian Types in the Sahara 

 — Erroneous Views of Naturalists — The Canary Islands — 

 The Cape Verd Islands and the Azores — Range Base or 

 Refuge Area I. — Flora and Fauna — Range Base or Refuge 

 Area II. — Its Climate — Range Base or Refuge Area III. — 

 Its Uses and Climate — Change of Climate in East Africa — 

 Variations in Climate of Range Bases or Refuge Areas — 

 P^ffects of Changed Climate on Avian Life — The Law of 

 Dispersal — The Southern Exodus during Pleistocene Time 

 a Myth — "Arctic" Animals — The Cape Flora ... ... 26 



CHAPTER III. 



THE GLACIAL RANGE CONTRACTION AND POST-GLACIAL 

 EMIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



A New Law of Dispersal — The Third Cold Period of the Glacial 

 Epoch — Probable Avifauna of Refuge Area I. during this 

 Period — EtTects of Cold Period on the Charadriida: — Inter- 

 polar Migration and Emigration — Avian Characteristics of 

 Refuge Area I. — Avifauna of Refuge Area II. — Resident 

 British Species — Southern Representative Forms — Species 

 Resident in British Isles and in Refuge Area II. — British 

 Species that Resort to Refuge Area II. in Winter — Winter 

 Visitors to the British Isles that also Winter in Refuge 

 Area II. — Summer Visitors to the British Isles — W^intcr 

 Quarters of these in Refuge Area II. — Ancient Sahara Sea 

 a Bar to Emigration from the South — Birds ranging further 

 South in East Africa than in West Africa— Winter Quarters 

 of Ihitish Summer ^ligrants in Refuge Area III. — Circuit- 



