THE GLACIAL RANGE CONTRACTION, ETC. 69 



and the Grouse and the various species of water birds 

 that no glacial invasion appears to have succeeded in 

 utterly exterminating from this area. The Pink-footed 

 Goose, the Bernacle Goose, and the Brent Goose lingered 

 at their range base throughout the winter in this Refuge 

 Area ; the Harlequin Duck and the Long-tailed Duck, 

 together with the three species of Eider, if their present 

 distribution be any indication, apparently did the same. 

 The Ivory Gull survived amongst the icebergs and the 

 floes ; as also did the Great Auk, the Little Auk, and 

 the Black Guillemot ; whilst the White-billed Diver and 

 the Fulmar seemed to have ranged no further south 

 than the open water, which probably then existed all 

 the winter through along the southern coasts of this 

 Refuge Area, owing to the ameliorating influence of the 

 Gulf Stream. 



Of the summer aspects of this region it is difficult to 

 speak with any degree of certainty. There can, how- 

 ever, be little doubt that as the climate moderated 

 numbers of species would come north into this area to 

 breed, although they had imperatively to retire south to 

 winter in Refuge Area II. The Charadriin^e birds that 

 had been banished to the South Polar area would also 

 gradually return as breeding species, but they were 

 possibly among the latest to do so, waiting until at 

 least some portion of the higher latitudes of Europe 

 was free from ice, or the glaciers at the South Pole began 

 to contract their area. The phenomenon of Migration 

 in Western Europe as we see it to-day was undoubtedly 

 initiated with the passing away of the third glacial 

 period. Species after species became more and more 



