84 



THE MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS 



whatever that it reaches the islands from the east, from 

 the Soudan, and not from the south, inasmuch that the 

 bird is unknown in South Africa, and is closely allied 

 to the Central African Turtur isabellinits, a regular 

 summer visitor down the Nile valley to North-cast 

 Africa. The various species with their winter quarters 

 — once their glacial Refuge Area — are indicated below. 



SPECIES. I WINTER AREA. 



Muscicapa grisola 



Oriolus galbula 



Motacilla raii 



Hirundo rustica 



Chelidon urbica 



Cotyle riparia 



Cuculus canorus 



Cypselus apus 



Capriinulgus europrcus ^ 



Turtur communis 



N. Africa (?) : Tropical Africa, and 



south to Cape. 

 Tropical Africa, and south to Natal. 

 Algeria, Tripoli (?) : Tropical Africa, 



and south to Transvaal. 

 Algeria, Tripoli (?): Tropical Africa, 



and south to Cape. 

 Algeria, Tripoli (?): Tropical Africa. 

 Algeria, Tripoli {?): Tropical Africa, 



and south to Transvaal. 

 Tropical and South Africa. 

 Tropical and -South Africa. 

 Algeria, Tripoli (?): Tropical Africa, 



and south to Natal. 

 Tropical Africa. 



1 This species is a very late migrant — a fact which seems to prove that the bird is not a 

 winter roident in any part of North Africa. 



There is yet another and smaller group of Summ.er 

 Migrants to the British Islands, descendants of birds 

 that also dwelt in Refuge Area III., and whose route of 

 Migration at the present time indicates the line of Emi- 

 gration taken by the species in past ages, as the breeding 

 or summer range was increased when the ungenial 

 climatic conditions passed away. They are as follows : — 



WINTER AREA. 



Lanius collurio 



Acroccphalus jialustris .. 

 Phalaropus hyperbceus 



Greece on passage ; South Africa. 



z'/(f the Nile Valley. 

 Nile Valley ; Tropical Africa, and 

 ( south to Natal. 

 Black Sea Basin ; Persia ; India. 



