THE MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS 



EUROPEAN SUMMER AREA. 



Tringa siibarquata 



Tringa plaiyrhyncha 



Totanus fuscus 



.J Breeding 

 known. 



. . Breeds as far west as 

 I Scandinavia. 



WINTER AREA. 



Ethiopian, Oriental, and 

 Australian Regions ; few 

 in basin of Mediter- 

 ranean. 



E. Mediterranean basin ; 

 N.E. Africa to Mada- 

 gascar, Meckran coast, 

 N. India, Malay Archi- 

 pelago, etc. 

 . Breeds as far west as j Africa N. of Equator ; 

 Scandinavia. ! few S. to Cape, India, 



Burma, China. 



With the few exceptions shortly to be noted, none of 

 these birds are known to visit Iberia normally, no more 

 than they are known to visit us. So far as the British 

 Area is concerned the Black Grouse {Tetrao tctn'x) is 

 the only normal species, and in this case it is possible 

 that a portion of this species refuged in Area II. during 

 the Glacial Epoch, or so near to it (in the N.W. portions 

 of Refuge Area III.) that they began to emigrate across 

 France and Britain at the earliest favourable moment, 

 yet comparatively late, as the absence of the species 

 from Ireland suggests. The birds, then, tabulated above 

 are all species of Eastern origin, those with closely allied 

 forms or representative species all inhabiting the east 

 and south-east, or, as in the case of the Bluethroat 

 {Erithacus suecica), for example, they are actually the 

 eastern representative of the West European species, 

 which has succeeded to a great extent in encroaching 

 upon the area of its ally. Thus Loxia bifasciata is 

 most nearly allied to the Loxia Icucoptcra which is 

 found across North America from Alaska to Labrador, 

 and perhaps South Greenland ; Pinicola cuuc/eator 

 with its allied species P. siibJiiinacJinlus inhabiting the 

 Himalayas ; Carpodaais ciyt/in'mis with its several allies 



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