THE GLACIAL RANGE CONTRACTION, ETC. 89 



in Palestine, the Caucasus, Turkestan, South Siberia, 

 and the Himalayas ; Calcarins lapponiais, with its 

 nearest alHes in North America; Otocoris alpestris'^ 

 with its various alHes in South-east Europe and South- 

 east and Central Asia, notably O. bilopJia which in- 

 habits the deserts of Arabia and North Africa ; Ainpelis 

 garriihis with its close ally A. pJioenicoptera of Japan, 

 and A. cedvorum of North America; Miiscicapa parva 

 with its representative species M. JiyperytJira in India ; 

 Falco vespertiiuLs with its eastern representative F. 

 aiimrensis confined to East Siberia, East Mongolia, 

 and N. China during the breeding season ; Siiniia 

 fiincrea with its allies ^. doliata in Siberia, and 6". nisoria 

 in North America ; Tetrao tet7'ix\N\\h its only allied form 

 T. nilokosiewiczi inhabiting the Caucasus ; and Tringa 

 viiiiuta with its closely allied races T. riificollis oi Eastern 

 Siberia and T. subininuta of Eastern Siberia and Behring 

 Island, leading on to the T. minutilla of Arctic America. 

 I might here take the opportunity of remarking upon 

 the very interesting instance of geographical distribution, 

 as showing the influence of competing species, presented 

 by the Icterine Warbler Hypolais icterina. This bird 

 breeds in North France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, 

 and North Germany, and visits Scandinavia beyond the 

 arctic circle for nesting purposes (conf. Ibis, 1894, p. 

 229), yet, as it is decidedly a south-eastern species, it 

 has not reached our area. It seems, however, to have 



^ In my opinion the utter absence of this species from Iberia is 

 a very conclusive proof that the Post-Glacial emigrations of the 

 Shore Lark started from the South-east. There is no trace what- 

 ever, geographically, between Otocoris alpestris and O. Inlopha in 

 the West, but ample evidence (through allied races especially) of 

 their former continuity of area (and community of origin) in the East. 



