THE GLACIAL RANGE CONTRACTION, ETC. 



95 



A Anthus spipoletta ... 



Calandrella brachy- 



dactyla 

 Accentor alpinus 



Sylvia ovphea 



Aedon galactodes ... 

 A Monticola saxatilis ... 



Caprimulgus ruficollis^ 

 A iMerops apiastei" 



A Cypselus melba 



A Falco cenchris 



A Tadorna casarca 



A Fuligula rufina 



A Phcenicopterus roseus 

 \ Plegadis falcinellus ... 



Ardea buljulcus 



Avdea comata 



Ardea garzetta 



Ardea alba 



Ardea purpurea 

 A Glareola pratincola 

 A Himantopus melano- 

 pterus 

 Hydrochelidon hybri- 

 da 

 .■\ Hydrochelidon leuco- 

 ptera 



N. LI.MIT IN WEST. 



Hartz Mts. 52° ; Urals 

 France, S. of47i'. 



N. LIMIT IN EAST. 



Altai Mts. 50°. 

 S.W. Siberia 471° 



Alps ; Carpathians 49' ? [ Turkestan, limit 



I known. 

 France, S. of 48^ j S. Russia 48' (?). 



Iberia up to 42^ j Turkestan. 



Hartz Mts. 52°. Lake Baikal 55"'. 



S. half of Iberian Pen. I 

 S. of France, Alps. 



S. oflat. 50'. 

 Pyrenees 42'. 



W. Europe 43° 



Lat. 50°. 



W. Europe 43". 



Carpathians ; Russia 

 52i° (which is as high 

 N. as Yorkshire). 



Urals 55^ 



Russia 46" (an Ethio- 

 pian species). 



E.Europe 50^; Asia55\ 



Lat. 50'. 



Asia 50'. 



S. France 43" ; Sclavo- Volga, S.W. Siberia 4S'. 

 nia 46\ 



S. half of Iberian Pen. 



Iberian Pen. 42^ 

 W. Europe 43°(?). 

 47" or 48\ 

 W. Europe 47". 

 .S. France 43°. 

 S. France 43°. 



S. Fi-ance 43°. 



S. France 43°. 



An Ethiopian species 

 spread W. along N. 

 Africa. 



S. Russia, Caspian 47\ 



E. Europe 46°. 



Af to 50° (?). 



Siberia 55° fide Pallas. 



Siberia 46°, 



Hungary 48°; E. Russia 

 46°. 



S. Russia 46°. 



Poland 52'; Siberia 50'. 



1 Winter quarters unknown. I presume the line of migration to extend eastwards 

 through Tunis and Tripoli, and thence round the desert to Central Africa. It is decidedly 

 .1 species of Eastern origin. 



The species contained in the two preceding tables are 

 mostly birds that have spread northwards or north- 

 westwards from a Glacial Refuge or Range Base in 

 Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Africa from Tripoli 

 to Egypt in the north, south on that continent to 

 varying limits down to the Cape Colony. They are 

 the descendants of the individuals of the species that 



