io6 THE MIGRATION OF BRITISH BIRDS 



(with two very doubtful exceptions) has succeeded in 

 extending its area to the country, whilst the Wheatear 

 is the one solitary representative of Pahi^arctic land 

 birds that regularly breeds therein. On the whole, the 

 facilities — few and meagre as they were — have been 

 more favourable for the Emigration of Palaearctic birds 

 to Greenland than for Nearctic species ; the Faroes and 

 Iceland indicating a once more continuous land surface 

 between Europe and that isolated country. Equally 

 unfavourable has this route been for the Emigration of 

 Nearctic species eastwards into the extreme west of 

 Europe ; not a single American bird has extended its 

 range to the Faroes, such a line of extension being 

 contrary to the Law we have already promulgated, and 

 but two have prolonged their emigrations beyond 

 Greenland as far as Iceland. These are Barrow's 

 Golden Eye {Clangula islandica), and the Harlequin Duck 

 {Fuligula Jiistrionica) ; both these species are aquatic, 

 and both breed commonly in South Greenland. It is 

 interesting to note that South Greenland is situated in 

 a lower latitude than the Faroes ; had the Emigration 

 of these Ducks been from Refuge Areas I. and II., there 

 can be no doubt whatever that they would have bred 

 from the Faroes northwards to Iceland, just as we find 

 some species whose Emigrations started from South-west 

 Europe which have extended their range to and breed 

 in Iceland, but do not breed in South Greenland, as 

 most assuredly they would have done had their line of 

 Emigration been from Labrador northwards. Of Ne- 

 arctic origin, however, and governed by the Law which 

 forbids an extension of breeding area southwards, both 

 these Ducks are only abnormal visitors to any other 



