Z 
IN TRANSYLVANIA. 569 
Ravens, while in the lower covers I found plenty of small 
birds, all, however, belonging to common species. 
During my stay in Transylvania the great variations of the 
weather produced rapid changes over the whole face of 
nature. When I arrived I found perfect summer, the heat 
being almost unendurable, the trees quite green and in full 
leaf. The fauna, too, belonged to that season, for Red-backed 
Shrikes, Turtle-Doves, and Hoopoes were, as already stated, 
still there, together with numbers of Swallows and Martins. 
Three days later violent storms, followed by cold heavy rains, 
changed the situation, for in an incredibly short time the 
foliage assumed its autumnal colours, and the summer birds 
vanished, being replaced by quantities of Woodcocks, Missel- 
Thrushes, Fieldfares, Song-Thrushes, Redwings, and Bull- 
finches, that were driven down from the mountains by the 
frost. In the lower woods I also observed whole flocks of 
Tits, all belonging to the common species, a great many 
Blackbirds, a few Nightjars, and such hordes of Jays, espe- 
cially in the oak-copses, as I had never before seen. I also 
found great flocks of Wood-Pigeons and Stock-Doves in the 
magnificent forests of ancient oaks, which were further 
frequented by a considerable number of Jackdaws. 
In the valley there were a good many small birds about the 
gardens and roadsides, but they were all of the commonest 
kinds, and I will only mention the abundance of Great Grey 
Shrikes, the large flocks of Goldfinches, and the scarcity 
of Magpies. In the south of Transylvania during the sum- 
mer and in the Gorgény valley during the autumn of last 
year Magpies were numerous enough, as they usually are at 
all seasons both in Transylvania and Hungary, but this year 
there were hardly any of them here. The occurrence of the 
HKagle-Owl down in the valley itself was also interesting, for in 
the garden of the castle at Gorgény, which is situated within 
