THE FROTECTWN OF BIRDS. 375 



Smooth sumac, .... Rhus glabra. 



Poison sumao, poison dogwood, . Rhus Vernix. 



Poison ivy, ..... Rhus radicans. 



Raspberries, tliimbleberries, and 



blackberries, .... Rubus. 



(All sjiecies ai'e eaten by birds.) 



Wild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of otlier species are probably eaten.) 



Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus pubens. 



American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Sambucus Canadensis. 



Sweet gum, ..... Liquidambar Styracijiiia. 



Wild gooseberries and currants, . Ribes. 

 (All species.) 



Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Mcnispennuni Canadense. 



Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 



Wild grapes, ..... Vitis. 

 (All species.) 



Probably all the thorn trees (Crata'gus), including the English haw- 

 thorn (Craicegus Oxyacanlha). 



Sassafras, ..... Sassafras Sassafras. 



Red muUierrv, .... Mortis rubra. 



Russian nuilberry, .... Mortis alba, var. Tatarica. 



Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Cellis occidcntalis. 



American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



Winterberry, blapk alder, . . Hex verticillata. 



(Probably other species of holly (Ilex) are also eaten.) 



Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celastrus scandens. 



Bayberry (wax myrtle), . . . Myrica Carolinensis. 



Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 



Shad bush, June berry, . . . Amelanchier Canadensis. 



Red chokeberry, .... Aronia arbutifolia. 

 (Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 



Beach plum, ..... Prunus maritima. 

 (And probably other plums.) 



Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus Pennsylvanica. 



Sand cherry, .... 



Black cherry, rum cherry, 



Choke cherry, .... 



Withe-i'od, .... 



Sweet vil)urnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, ...... Viburmim Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum, Optilus.^ 



* Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



Prunus pumila. 

 Prunus serotina. 

 Prunus Virginiana. 

 Viburnum nudum. 



