78 
various convolutions in special bony recesses of the breast bone or sternum, 
are, evidently, directly connected with the voice and their complexity 
increases directly with the quality of the voice as indicated by the above 
descriptive names; thus the Mute Swan is without any tracheal convolu- 
tion and the highest complexity is reached in the Trumpeter and Whooper. 
180. Whistling Swan. FR.—LE CYGNE D’AMERIQUE. Olor columbianus. L, 55. 
A very large, all white, bird. 
Distinctions. The Whistler can only be mistaken for the Trumpeter Swan. Super- 
ficially it can be easily separated only by its inferior size. As Swans do not obtain their 
full development for a number of years, size may not always be an accurate test. There 
is a difference in the shape of the bill, but it is too difficult of characterization to be clearly 
described here. The convolutions of the windpipe in the breast bone makes the most 
satisfactory differentiation. In the Whistler the windpipe makes one horizontal loop 
over the floor of the sternum, whereas that of the Trumpeter has a perpendicular loop 
as well. The absence of a yellow spot on the lores of the Trumpeter has been given as 
diagnostic, but this is so often absent from even adult Whistlers as to be of no use for 
this purpose. 
Field Marks. Size and complete whiteness. The two species cannot be readily 
distinguished in life except by those familiar with the voices of each. 
Nesting. On ground, in nest of grasses, moss, etc., lined with down. 
Distribution. Breeds in the far north across the continent west of Hudson bay; 
migrates through the interior; rare or absent on the Canadian Atlantic coast, but locally 
ommon on the large waterways of the Great Lakes region. 
Owing to its extreme wariness and its breeding far in the north the 
Whistling Swan has not been seriously reduced in numbers during the 
past generation. Its larger relatives, the Trumpeters, whose breeding 
grounds well within the borders of settlement were early disturbed, is 
now on the verge of extinction. 
The Swans rarely come into shallow marshes where cover may hide 
the huntsman. They are exceedingly wary and are rarely seen except in 
dense white flocks like ice floes far out in the open water or in flocks flying 
high overhead and beyond the reach of guns. Their regular migration is 
usually by night and usually silent, though sometimes extremely noisy. 
To such habits as these is probably due the fact that few even of our most 
experienced huntsmen know the Swan in life and fewer still can boast of 
having taken it. Though flocks of hundreds appear annually on lake St. 
Clair not more than two or three individuals are taken there each year. 
The species also occurs in large numbers on Niagara river where on 
misty or foggy nights in the spring, they often drift down with the current 
into the swift rough waters of the rapids and are carried helplessly over 
the falls. This catastrophe has occurred several times within the last 
decade and hundreds of Swans have lost their lives in this manner, some 
have every bone in the body broken whereas others are only slightly hurt. 
The dead that are not drawn under the ice and carried off by the current 
are picked up, the dying clubbed, and those whose injuries are only slight 
are shot. As the birds do not seem able in the close quarters to rise above 
the sides of the gorge and show marked reluctance to pass beneath the 
bridges that span the lower pass, all are confined in the narrow waters 
below the falls where there is no escape. The flesh of the Swan is not 
very suitable for eating and the birds are of little value to those who take 
them except as curiosities. 
181. Trumpeter Swan. Olor buccinator. L, 65. Very large, all white, bird. 
