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virotride, Stilts and Avocets, of only casual occurrence in eastern Canada; 
Scolopacide, Snipes and Sandpipers, constituting the bulk of our species; 
Charadriide, Plover; Aphrizide, Turnstones; and Haematopodide, Oyster- 
catchers, once casual now probably extinct within our eastern borders. 
Economic Status. Most of the order inhabit waste land and are of 
little economic influence; others, frequenting cultivated fields, are of 
greater importance and will be discussed under their specific headings. On 
the whole, however, the order is either harmless or actively helpful to man. 
FAMILY—-PHALAROPODIDA. PHALAROPES. SEA SNIPES. 
General Description. Small birds between 7-75 and 8-75 inches long, wader-like in 
form but with plumage dense and duck-like. This, combined with their toes bordered with 
web-lobes or edgings and flattened tarsi, makes them comparatively easy to recognize. 
Boe arene: Small waders characterized as above. Cannot be mistaken for any- 
thing else. 
Field Marks. Size, bill characteristics, and the habit of swimming and feeding in deep 
water. These are the only Shore Birds that habitually swim. 
Nesting. On ground, nest lined with a few mosses or grasses. 
Distribution. Northern and western. One species breeds in the lower prairie provinces, 
the other two along the Arctic coasts and adjoining islands. Regular migrants along the 
Atlantic coast of eastern Canada and down the Mississippi valley, but merely stragglers in 
the Great Lakes region. 
The Phalaropes constitute a small anomalous family of Shore Birds 
whose true affinities are hardly well understood or settled. They swim 
with ease and are often found in the open water, even out at sea, where 
they are as much at home as any pelagic species. 
Anomalous in structure and systematic relationships, they are equally 
so in habits. The female instead of the male is the bright-coloured repre- 
sentative of the family circle and she takes the initative in courting rites; 
makes the first advance towards her shy and modestly-coloured prospective 
mate and upon fulfilling her duties of egg deposition leaves the further cares 
of incubation and family raising to him. 
Economic Status. Inhabit water or waste shores and are of little or no 
economic importance. 
222. Red Phalarope. GERY PHALAROPE, WHALE BIRD. FR.—LE PHALAROPE ROUX. 
Phalaropus fulicarius. L,8-12. Adult female is easily recognized by the even, dull reddish 
brown of the foreneck and underparts. The back is light ochre and black in stripes. The 
male is similar, but the colours veiled, broken, and less distinct. In winter this species is 
slate-grey above and white below. 
Distinctions. The Red Phalarope can be easily distinguished from either of the other 
two members of the family by its bill and feet, the former comparatively broad and flat. 
Toes webbed at base and with projecting scalloped lobes on either side. See following 
species. 
Field Marks. General habits and habitat. In breeding season colour is best mark 
of recognition. At sea this species is said to show more black on top of head and in wings 
than the other phalaropes. In other than full plumage the comparatively short and 
flattened bill is perhaps the best point for identification. 
Distribution. Breeds along the whole Arctic coast of America, migrating down the sea 
coasts on either side; rare inland in Great Lakes region. 
223. Northern Phalarope. RED-NECKED PHALAROPE. FR.—LE PHALAROPE HYPER- 
BOREEN. Lobipes lobatus. L, 7-75. Adult female: upperparts, back of neck, and head 
dark slaty; throat and below, white; sides of neck meeting on front of lower neck, rich 
rufous, with lines of same along back over closed wing. Male similar but veiled and re- 
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