147 
Distinctions. Size; slender bill (Figure 40, p. 25); and metallic coloration are 
distinctive. 
Nesting. In a beautiful structure covered with bits of lichens and cobwebs, saddled 
on the top of a branch. 
Distribution. Eastern North America north to the limits of present cultivation. 
Hummingbirds fly forwards, backwards, sideways, or remain per- 
fectly stationary in the air with equal ease—another instance of parallel 
development—a bird flying like an insect yet in structure strictly bird-like. 
The wings vibrate with a rapidity that can only be measured by the tuning 
fork method used with insects. This system of flight is fundamentally 
different in method from that of other birds and consequently the wings 
differ from the usual type. They are long, narrow, non-flexible, and the 
keel of the sternum is immensely deepened to give support to the great 
muscles that move them. In proportion to its wing spread a Humming- 
bird has a breast keel nearly three times larger than that of a pigeon, a bird 
of average flight, or forty times larger than that of an albatross. 
Economic Status. When it is remembered that some of the smallest 
insect pests are the most destructive, we can realize that possibly the 
economic importance of the Hummingbird may be greater than suspected. 
Besides nectar, its food seems to be composed of small flies, gnats, minute 
bees, wasps, and other flower-haunting and-pollen-eating forms. Appa- 
rently no harm can be charged against the species and it may do good out 
of all proportion to its size. 
Order—Passeres. Perching Birds. 
The order Passeres, Passerine or Perching Birds, is the largest and 
most important division of modern birds. The lower and more generalized 
types of birds have in the past been in the ascendant; but to-day the 
highly specialized Passeres are dominant; they constitute nearly if not 
quite half of our present living forms and are put at the head of the classi- 
fication by systematists. They have a greater number than any other 
order,of characters that are common to themselves but special in relation 
to other orders, for instance, the highly developed larynx or singing organ, 
with complicated muscular control and many other special characters. 
Generally, a bird may be referred to this order by a process of elimination, 
as not belonging to any of the previous orders. The feet (Figure 42, p. 25) 
are not webbed, the hind toe is as long as the middle one, and the whole foot 
is well adapted for perching. The bill is hard and horny, without cere or 
soft base, and the nostrils do not communicate with each other as in some 
of the other orders. Two suborders are represented in Canada: Calmatores, 
the Songless Perchers; and Oscines, the Song Birds. 
SUBORDER—CLAMATORES. SONGLESS PERCHERS. 
This suborder is constituted upon a basis of anatomical structure. 
The name Songless Percher is not intended to indicate that the birds are 
silent, but that they are less tuneful than the Oscines, with a larynx less 
highly specialized. Only one family of this suborder occurs in Canada, the 
Tyrannide or Tyrant Flycatchers. 
