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Nesting. In a mossy bank or in the roots of a turned-up tree, usually near or over 
water, in nest of moss lined with tendrils and fine rootlets. 
Distribution. North America north to the limits of settlement. Breeds in Canada 
wherever found except in the extreme southern parts. 
SUBSPECIES. The Water-thrush is divided into an eastern and a western sub- 
species, the Eastern Water-thrush C. n. noveboracensis, the type form, ranges westward to 
southern Ontario where it intergrades with Grinnell’s Water-thrush S. n. notabilis which 
occupies the country to the west. 
The favourite home of the Water-thrush is in wet cedar swamps. 
676. Louisiana Water-thrush. Seiurus motacilla. L, 6-28. Dark olive brown 
above, buffy-white below finely streaked with sharp dark disconnected lines from upper 
neck to breast and flanks. A sharp, white line over the eye and a fine blended dark line 
through it. 
Distinctions. Easily separatedfrom the Ovenbird by lack of coloured crown streak; 
very similar to the Northern Water-thrush but separable by slightly larger size, buffy 
rather than yellowish underparts, and by the whiteness of the face markings. 
Field Marks. ‘The Louisiana Water-thrush has the jerking tail habit of the Northern 
Waterthrush and can only be distinguished from it in life by attention to the differences 
given above. 
Nesting. Similar to that of the Water-thrush. 
a Distribution. Eastern United States, only appearing in Canada in southwestern 
ntario. 
Very similar to the Northern Water-thrush in habits as well as in 
colour and form. It is, however, a bird of more southern distribution than 
it and is of only rare occurrence in Canada. 
GENERA—OPORORNIS AND GEOTHLYPIS. GROUND WARBLERS. 
L, 5-40-5-56. 
The Ground Warblers are rather larger than the Woodland Warblers 
but considerably smaller than the Wagtail Warblers and have compara- 
tively stout legs and short wings. Their colours are largely green and 
bright yellow. They inhabit low shrubbery and are seldom seen far above 
the ground. 
677. Kentucky Warbler. FR.—LA FAUVETTE DU KENTUCKY. Oporornis formosus 
L, 5-40. Greenish above; all underparts clear yellow; forehead black, shading off on mid 
crown; bright yellow eyebrow line hooking around eye. A sharp black patch extends 
from base of bill, including lores and most of ear coverts, to side of neck. Female and 
oe birds similar but duller, the black face mark being more or less veiled though still 
visible. 
Distinctions. Coloured much like the Prairie Warbler but with the black leaving 
only a narrow eyebrow line in front of the eye instead of a largely yellow cheek and without 
flank stripes. Somewhat similar to the Canadian Warbler but with back greenish instead 
of grey and without breast markings of any kind. 
Field Marks. Too rare in Canada to be identified in life by sight. 
Nesting. On or near ground in bulky nest of twigs and rootlets firmly wrapped with 
several thicknesses of leaves and lined with fine rootlets. 
Distribution. Eastern United States, not reaching the Canadian border except as 
an accidental straggler. 
This species has been taken in Canada on only a few occasions. It 
can be reasonably looked for only in the most southern sections in the 
region of the lower Great Lakes. 
678. Connecticut Warbler. Oporornis agilis. L, 5-40. A greenish warbler. Male: 
clear lemon yellow below; face and throat to upper breast even bluish-grey with a fine 
white eye-ring. The female is similar but grey paler. Juveniles have the grey replaced 
by a lighter buffy shade of the back coloration. 
