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685. Black-capped Warbler. WILSON’S WARBLER. WILSON’S BLACK-CAPPED WAR- 
BLER. FR.—LA FAUVETTE DE WILSON. Wilsonia pusilla. L, 5. A small green warbler. 
Male is all bright yellow below with a sharply defined black cap on crown. The sexes 
are similar but some juvenile females are entirely without the cap, and in others it is 
present but less perfect than in adults. 
Distinctions. The black cap and all green and yellow coloration are distinctive of 
the adults and young males. When without the cap the vague yellow eyebrow stripe is 
characteristic. 
Field Marks. The small size, all bright yellow and green with black cap or 
traces of it, or having yellow eyebrow line when the cap is absent. 
Nesting. On ground in nest made almost wholly of fine grass lined with a few hairs : 
nest deeply cupped and quite substantial for a warbler. 
Distribution. North America. The subspecies Wilson’s Warbler occurs in Canada, 
extends west to the central prairie region, and breeds from the northern settlements to 
the tree limits. 
SUBSPECIES. The black-capped Warbler is divided into three subspecies all of 
which occur in Canada though only one, Wilson’s Warbler W. p. pusilla, the type form, 
occurs in the east. 
A very pretty little warbler usually found in willows or in similar 
trees and bushes near the water. 
686. Canada Warbler. CANADIAN FLYCATCHER. FR.—LA FAUVETTE DU CANADA. 
Wilsonia canadensis. L, 5-61. Male: even grey above slightly marked with black 
on crown; all below bright yellow except undertail coverts which are white, yellow pre- 
loral line and eye-ring; black lores extending down sides of neck and forming a necklace 
of short stripes across upper breast leaving throat clear yellow. Female is similar but 
necklace and black reduced, though usually remaining strong enough to retain the easily 
recognized specific character. Juveniles are like the female but the necklace almost 
obliterated only showing in vague, suffused, and interrupted cloudings. 
Distinctions. The even grey above without markings and yellow below with the 
black necklace marks either sharp, dim, or suggested. 
Field Marks. See distinctions. 
Nesting. In mossy banks or under roots in nest of strips of bark and bits of dead 
wood wrapped in leaves and lined with fine rootlets. 
Distribution. Eastern North America west to near the foothills and north to the 
limit of large trees; breeding occasionally and locally in southern Canada except in the 
most southern parts and regularly north from the edge of settlement. 
A bright active warbler with some flycatching habits. Its typical 
habitat is similar to that of Wilson’s Warbler, but it is more often found 
higher in the trees. 
687. American Redstart. FR.—LA FAUVETTE A QUEUE ROUSSE. Setophaga ru- 
ticilla. Ll, 5-41. Plate XLIV A. 
Distinctions. A perfectly characteristic bird in all plumages. No other warbler has 
anything like this combination of orange-red and black, the former replaced in female 
by similar yellow or white patches on tail and wings. Juveniles have a slight yellow 
suffusion over breast and are without the wing blotch but that of the tail is always present. 
Some young males in the spring look like females but with irregular patches of the 
perfect male plumage showing on throat. : : 
Field Marks. Colour is the most easily noted distinction but even in black silhouette 
the manner in which the long tail is thrashed about soon becomes familiar and distinc- 
tive. 
Nesting. In the crotch of a sapling in nest of fine strips of bark, fibres, and plant 
dove lined with tendrils and fine rootlets and nearly always covered outside with silvery 
ark strips. 
Distribution. North America north to the limit of large trees. Breeding in Canada 
wherever found. 
The brilliancy of a high plumaged Redstart against the dark green of 
the trees is a constant source of pleasure to even the most blasé observer 
