949 
Il. ‘Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe without 
claw. 
A. Chin and throat black. 
1. Crown washed with brown. 
a. Back and sides grayish rusty brown. B.C. 7. Columbian Chickadee. 
b. Back and sides rusty chestnut. 109. Chestnut-backed Chickadee. 
2. Crown pure black. 
a. A white line over the eye. 108. Mountain Chickadee. 
b. No white line over the eye. 
(1). Tail 2.7. Colors paler. B. C. & H. 9. Long-tailed Chickadee. 
(2). Tail 2.5. Colors darker. 106. Chickadee. 
(GB) a ehaleeiss | Colorsedarker: 107. Oregon Chickadee. 
B. Chin and throat white or nearly so. 
1. Side of head and neck white. 
a. Wing 3.4; more purely white below. x11. Slender-billed Nuthatch. 
b. Wing 3.7; less purely white below. H. 34. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. 
2. Side of head not entirely white. 
a. A white line over the eye. 112. Red-breasted Nuthatch. 
b. No white line over the eye. 113. Pygmy Nuthatch. 
Family 11. Cerruimar. Creepers. 
The stiffened tail feathers and lichen-like coloration of these birds easily distinguishes them. Their 
habit of clinging close to the bark and winding a spiral course upward is characteristic also. 
I. Upperparts with much rusty brown. H.35. Rocky Mountain Creeper. 
II. Upperparts yellowish rusty. 115. Tawny Creeper. 
III. Upperparts dusky brown. 114. Sierra Creeper. 
Family 12. ‘TRocLopyTtipAE. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. 
This is a somewhat composite group, with the mockingbird type on the one hand and the wrens on the 
other. It is not easy to discuss characteristics without exceeding the limits of space allotted here. 
I. Length about 9 inches. 
A. Color mostly slaty gray. 124. Catbird. 
B. General coloration above brownish. 123. Sage Thrasher. 
Il. Length under 7 inches. 
A. Back spotted with white. 
1. Larger and lighter. 116. Western Marsh Wren. 
2. Smaller and darker. 117. Tule Wren. 
B. Back spotted with black. 121. Rock Wren. 
C. Back unspotted. 
tr. A distinct white line over the eye. 118. Seattle Wren. 
2. No white line over the eye. 
a. Above rusty brown; throat white; belly brown. 122. Canon Wren. 
b. Above light cinnamon; below brownish gray. 119. Western House Wren. 
c. Above cinnamon; below pale cinnamon. 120. Western Winter Wren. 
Family 13. CrtNcLimpar. Water Ouzels. 
These birds are to be found about white water along mountain streams. They seem as much at 
home in and beneath a current which breaks the water into drops as perched upon a stone above the 
water. Only one species belongs to our fauna and that is the 125. American Water Ouzel. 
Family 14. HirunpininaAk. Swallows, Martins. 
The graceful flight of these birds is well known. Their habit of feeding upon flying insects makes 
them especially useful birds. 
I. Without any metallic reflections. 
A. Throat and breast brownish gray. 128. Rough-winged Swallow. 
B. A brownish band across the white breast. 129. Bank Swallow. 
II. Upperparts with metallic reflections. 
A. Underparts steel blue. 126. Purple Martin. 
B. Throat chestnut, rufous, or brownish. 
vr. Tail deeply forked. 130. American Barn Swallow. 
2. Upper tail-coverts rufous or buffy. 127. Cliff Swallow. 
C. Throat gray or white. 
