950 
1. Throat and breast brownish gray. 126. Purple Martin. 
2. Entire underparts white. 
a. Above steel blue or steel green. 131. Tree Swallow. 
b. Above bronze-green. 132. Violet-green Swallow. 
Family 15. AmPpeLipar. Waxwings. 
The Waxwings are silent birds as to song, altho they have a faint conversational twitter. 
ae of their plumage and the red wax-like tips of some of the wing feathers are characti 
eatures, 
I. Wing over 4.50. 133. Bohemian Waxwing. 
Il. Wing under 4.00. 134. Cedar Waxwing. 
Family 16. Lanupar. Shrikes. 
These are the raptorial birds among the Passeres. 
I. Underparts pure white. 136. White-rumped Shrike. 
II. Underparts not pure white. 
A. Wing more than 4 inches, 135. Northern Shrike. 
B. Wing 4 inches or less. 137. California Shrike. 
Family 17. VirkoNipaAk. Vireos. 
In some respects the Vireos resemble the last group, but their habit is to glean deliberately 
among the foliage or along the branches rather than dart out for insects that are flying. All of 
have pleasing songs. 
I. Length more than 6 inches. 
A. Sides of crown bordered by black. 138. Red-eyed Vireo. 
B. Sides of crown without black. 140. Cassin’s Vireo. 
II. Length less than 6 inches. 
A. Two white wing bars. 141. Anthony's Vireo. 
B. No white wing bars, 139. Western Warbling Vireo. 
Family 18. TyRANNIDAE. Flycatchers. 
The most distinctive thing about these birds is their habit of sitting quietly and alert on some pe 
from which they can command a fairly wide view, and from it launch out to catch a flying insect. 
I. Wing over 3 inches. 
A. Tip of tail broadly white. 142. Kingbird. 
B. Tip of tail not broadly or not at all white . 
1. Underparts without yellow or yellowish. 
a. Below uniform white. B.C. & H. 10. Gray Kingbird. 
b. Below black, only the belly white. H. 36. Western Black Phoebe. 
2. Underparts with rusty brown, 145. Say's Pewee. 
3. Underparts with yellow or yellowish. 
a. Tail with rufous, 144. Ash-throated Flycatcher. 
b. Tail without rufous. 
(1), Belly bright yellow. 143. Western Kingbird. 
(2). Belly only yellowish. 
(a). Length less than 7 inches. 147. Western Wood Pewee. 
(b). Length 7 or more, 146. Oliveesided Flycatcher. 
Il. Wing under 3 inches long. 
A. Underparts distinctly yellow. 148. Western Flycatcher. 
B. Underparts yellowish only. 
1, Above distinctly brownish. 149. Traill’'s Flycatcher. 
2. Above grayish olive, not brown. 
a. Outer web of outer tail feather abruptly paler than 1g1. Wright's Flycatcher. 
inner web, 
b. Outer web of outer tail feathers not abruptly paler 1g0. Hammond's Flycatcher. 
than inner web. 
