958 
Subfamily 3. Furicuninar. Sea and Bay Ducks, 
These ducks are great divers. They have been found in twenty fathoms of water, having 
entangled in fish nets set at that depth. While they undoubtedly eat more fish than the last 
their flesh is much used for food, and several of the species are great game birds. Theoretically 
frequent deeper water than the birds of the last group, but practically the two groups intermingle 
I. Whole head and neck black. 
A. Plumage entirely black. 327. American Scoter. 
B. Plumage not entirely black. 
1. Bill with a bluish band near its tip. 320. Ring-necked Duck. 
2. Bill plain bluish. 
a. Back of head with purplish reflections, 319. Lesser Scaup Duck. 
b. Back of head with greenish reflections. 318. Greater Scaup Duck. 
Il. Head and neck rufous or rufous-brown, 
A. Head and neck bright rufous. 
1. Bill under 2 inches long. 316. Redhead. 
2. Bill over 2, 317. Canvasback. 
B. Head and neck rufous-brown. 
1. Wing with a white patch, 
a. Region at base of bill not white. 321 & 322. American and 
b. Region at base of bill white. Golden-eye. 
(1). Wing over 8.25 inches long. 318 American Scaup Duck. 
(2). Wing under 8.25 inches long. 319. Lesser Scaup Duck. 
2. No white in wing. 
a. Bill over 2.00. 317. Canvasback. 
b. Bill under 2.00, : 
(1). Wing over 8.00. 316. Redhead. 
(2). Wing under 8.00. 320. Ring-necked Duck. 
c. Middle tail feathers long and slender. 324. Old-Squaw, 
III. Head and throat steel blue or steel green. 
A. Steel blue. 322. Barrow's Golden-eye. 
B. Steel green. 321. American Golden-eye. 
IV. Head and neck otherwise. 
A. Wing over 10. 
v. Neck and upper back mostly white. 326. Pacific Eider. 
2. The plumage mostly black. 
a. Speculum white. 328. White-winged Scoter. 
b. Speculum not white. 329. Surf Scoter. 
B. Wing under 8. 
1. Plumage much variegated in bold pattern. 325. Harlequin Duck. 
2. Plumage nearly uniform or black and white. 
a. Tail feathers stiff and slender. Color reddish. 330. Ruddy Duck. 
b. Tail feathers normal. Color black and white. 323. Bulle-head. 
Subfamily 4. ANSERINAE. Geese. 
The Geese feed mostly upon land and therefore their food is largely vegetable. They are too 
known to require comment. 
I. Prevailing color white. 
A. Length more than 22 inches. 331. Lesser Snow Goose. 
B. Length less than 22 inches. B.C. & H. 24. Ross's Snow Goose. © 
Il. Prevailing color not white. 
A. Head and neck chiefly black. 
1. Black of lower neck separated from gray of underparts 
by lighter or white half-collar. 
a. Lighter, pectoral half-collar not pure white. 
(1). Length about 3 feet. 333. Canada Goose. 
(2). Length about 30 inches. 334. Hutchins'’s Goose. 
b. Darker, pectoral half-collar pure white. 
(1). Length about 3 feet. 335. White-cheeked Goose. 
(2). Length about 2 feet 336. Cackling Goose. 
2. Black of lower neck not so separated from gray of un- 
derparts 
a. Breast abruptly ashy gray B.C. 13. White-bellied Brant. 
b. Breast black continuous with neck. 337. Black Brant. 
