116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
LXV. ANSER Brisson. 1760. 
171. White-fronted Goose. 
Anser albifrons (GMEL.) BECHST. 1809. 
Casual in Eastern Greenland? (A. O. U. List.) 
1v7ia. American White-fronted Goose. Laughing Goose. 
Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.) CouEs. 1872. 
Not rare in fresh water between Lat. 66° and 68° 30’ N. in 
West Greenland. (Arct. Man.) Very rare around Newfoundland. 
(Reeks.) This species has been noted at Montreal and one was 
shot at Lac Jacques Cartier, north of Quebec, in the autumn of 
1870. (Dionne.) A friend and myself came across three indi- 
viduals of this species on the Isle de la Paix, Lake St. Louis, 
near Montreal, but failed to secure specimens. (Wzntle.) Only 
a casual visitor in Ontario. 
From the middle of April, or a week later, to the middle of 
May this species is quite common in western Manitoba and East- 
ern Assiniboia. It is then passing to its breeding-places which 
Richardson says are in the wooded districts, skirting the 
Mackenzie River to the north of the 67th parallel, and the islands 
in the Arctic Sea. Macfarlane found it breeding on Frank- 
lin Bay, Murdoch at Point Barrow, Dall all along the Yukon, and 
Turner in its delta, Nelson along the Arctic coast and Fannin 
says it breeds on the mainland of British Columbia and that 
young fledglings have been taken on Cowichan Lake, Vancouver 
Island. The breeding range of this bird is therefore the whole 
northwestern part of the continent and its peculiar spring migra- 
tion accounted for. 
BREEDING Notes.—A clutch of four eggs in my collection 
was taken on an island in Mackenzie Bay, west of the 
mouth of Mackenzie River, June 5th, 1895. The nest con- 
sisted of a hollowinthe sand lined with down. (Razne.) When 
the White-fronted Goose first arrives in the north, the lakes are 
but just beginning to open and the ground is still largely covered 
with snow. The last year’s heath-berries afford them sustenance, 
in common with most of the other wild-fowl, at this season. The 
mating season 1s quickly ended, however, and on May 27th, 1879, I 
found their eggs at the Yukon mouth. From this date on, until 
