XXXVI. 
II. Red on head confined to a band across nape. 
A. Under parts black, unspotted. 
1. Bill blackish. 154. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. 
2. Bill white. (Hypothetical) Ivory=billed 
Woodpecker. 
Bb. Under parts spotted or streaked. 
rt. Rump white; a black crescent on breast. 157. Northern Flicker. 
2. Head black, red in 2 spots on nape. 151. Red=-cockaded Woodpecker. 
C. Under parts white or whitish. : 
1. Crown gray. 156. Red-bellied Woodpecker. 
2. Crown black. 
a. Bill over 1.00. 149. Hairy Woodpecker. 
b. Bill under 1.00. . 150. Downy Woodpecker. 
Ill. Head without red. 
A. Bill white. (Hypothetical) Ivory=billed 
Woodpecker. 
B. Bill not white. 
1. Under parts unmarked. 
a. Bill over 1.00. 149. Hairy Woodpecker. 
b. Bill under 1.00. 150. Downy Woodpecker. 
2. Under parts spotted or barred or streaked. 
a. Back wholly black. 152. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 
b. Back black and white. 
(1). Breast with a black patch. 153- Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 
(2). Breast without a black patch. 
(a). Wing over 5.co. 155. Red=-headed Woodpecker. 
(b). Wing under 5.00. 151. Red=-cockaded Woodpecker. 
Orprr 4. COCCYGES. Cuckoos, Kingfisher. 
Tamily 2. CucuLmar. Cuckoos. 
The Cuckoos are shy birds, making their way among the tree branches and in the foliage with- 
out sound or commotion. Their slender bodies and long tail give them the appearance of snake-like 
proportions and movement. The popular belief that their peculiar calls indicate the approach of a 
storm is not well founded. as any one may learn by a little careful study of these birds. Their 
great value to agriculture and especially to the horticulturalist, lies in their habit of eating quan- 
tities of the tent caterpillar and other hairy and spiny caterpillars and larve which other birds will 
not touch. They should be encouraged to nest near the orchard. 
I. Lower mandible yellow, wings with rufous. 159. Yellow=billed Cuckoo. 
Il. Whole bill black, wings without rufous. 160. Black=billed Cuckoo. 
Family 1. A\CEDINIDAE. Kingfishers. 
The single member of this family inhabiting Onio may be found about streams and ponds and 
lakes looking for fish and tadpoles. He is not particularly useful nor particularly harmful. He is a 
desirable part of a landscape because he is picturesque and interesting. There is no good reason why 
he should be harmed. 158. Belted Kingfisher. 
OrpER 5. PSITTACI. Parrots. 
The single species representing this order has long since become extinct in Ohio. 
161. Carolina Paroquet. 
Orper 6. RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. 
Fanily t. Srriciar. Barn Owl. 
The single species comprising this family is sufficiently treated in the discussion of that species 
in the body of this book. 162. Barn Owl. 
family 2. Bupnonrpar. Horned Owls, Hoot Owls, etc. 
Most owls are nocturnal in habits, but most of them are also able to fly well by day. Some are 
seldom seen during daylight except in dark weather, or when startled from their retreats, and some 
prefer the day to hunt in. Their cries are weird and startling. They nest either in hollow trees or 
in open nests, but seldom if ever make a whole new nest for themselves. Their food varies with 
the species, but mammals, insects and birds form the greater part of their diet. Only one species, 
the Great Horned Owl, is distinctly and always injurious. Some are among the most useful of 
animals and should be carefully protected. 
