(1). Speculum purple. 
(2). Speculum gray or white. 
2. Wing-coverts without white. 
a. Legs yellowish, smaller. 
b. Legs reddish, larger. 
3. Under parts chestnut. 
Subfamily 3. 
This group of ducks inhabits the deeper waters. 
FULIGULINAE. 
xiii. 
281. Mallard. 
284. Gadwall. 
282. Black Duck. 
283. Red-legged Black Duck. 
284. Gadwall. 
Sea and Bay Ducks. 
They dive to a considerable depth, often, for 
fish. Some are almost as expert divers as the famed grebes and loons. ‘lhey feed upon almost any 
aquatic animals or vegetables. Some are considered a table delicacy, while others are of a decidedly 
fishy flavor, 
I. Whole head and neck black. 
A. Plumage entirely black. 
B. Plumage not entirely black. 
1. Bill with a bluish band near its tip. 
2. Bill plain bluish. 
a. Back of head with purplish reflections 
b. Back of head with greenish reflections. 
Il. Head and neck rufous or rufous-brown. 
A. Head and neck rufous. 
tr. Bill under 2.00. 
2. Bill over 2.00. 
B. Head and neck rutous-brown 
tr. Wing with a white patch. 
a. Region at base of bill not white 
b. Region at base of bill white. 
(1). Wing over 8.25. 
(2). Wing under 8.25. 
2. No white in wing. 
a. Bill over 2.00. 
b. Bill under 2.00. 
(1). Wing over 8.00. 
(2). Wing under 8.00. 
c. Middle tail feathers long and slender. 
Ill. Head and throat steel blue or steel green. 
A. Steel green. 
B. Steel blue. 
IV. Head and neck otherwise. 
A. Wing over 10.00. 
1. Bill over 2.00. 
2. Bill under 2.00. 
a. Speculum white. 
b. Speculum not white 
B. Wing under 7.00. 
1. Tail feathers normal. 
2. Tail feathers stiff and slender. 
Subfamily 4. 
304. American Scoter. 
297. Ring-necked Duck. 
296. Lesser Scaup Duck. 
295. American Scaup Duck. 
293. Redhead. 
294. Canvasback. 
298 & 299. American and Barrows 
Golden-eyes. 
295. American Scaup Duck. 
296. Lesser Scaup Duck. 
294. Canvasback. 
293. Redhead. 
297. Ring-necked Duck. 
301. Old=squaw. 
298. American Golden eye. 
299. Barrows Golden-eye. 
302. American Eider. 
305. White-winged Scoter. 
303. King Eider. 
300. Buffilehead. 
306. Ruddy Duck. 
ANSERINAE. Geese. 
Like the river and pond ducks, the geese feed in the water by tipping instead of diving, for 
which their large bodies are not adapted. They are vegetarians, and forage a great deal in fields, 
picking up scattered grain. Rarely large flocks may damage newly sown or newly sprouting fields 
of grain. They like the tender shoots of grass 
I. Head black, throat white. 
A. Length 35 or more. 
B. Length 34 or less. 
Il. Head black, throat black. 
A. With less white below. 
B. With more white below. 
III. Whole head or forehead white. 
A. Forehead white. 
and grains. 
279. Canada Goose. 
280. Hutchins Goose. 
(Hypothetical) Brant. 
(Hypothetical) White=-bellied Brant. 
278. American White-fronted Goose. 
