WILD LIFE OF ORCHARD AND FIELD 



XII 



CIVILIZING INFLUENCES 



say that the settlement of 

 North America has produced a 

 marked effect upon the animal 

 life of the continent, and upon 

 the birds as a part of the fauna, 

 may seem too much of a truism 

 to be worth discussion. Yet the 

 degree to which this effect has 

 been felt, and the various ways 

 in which man's influence has 

 been exerted upon animals, may 

 still be objects of interesting in- 

 quiry. I confine myself alone 

 to the effects produced by the 

 white man, because the Indian 

 seems to have caused hardly an 

 appreciable change, either for 



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