THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



Smooth sumach, .... Rhus glabra. 



Poison sumach, poison dogwood, . Rhtis Vernix. 



Poison \\j, ..... Rhus Toxicodendroji. 



Raspberries, thimbleberries, and 



blackberries, .... Ruhns. 



(All species are eaten b}- birds.) 



AVild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 



Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambticus racernosu. 



American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Sambucus canadoisis. 



Sweet gum, ..... lAqnidambar Stijracijlua. 



Wild goosel3erries and currants, . Ribes. 

 (All species.) 



Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermnm canadense. 



Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Psedera quimpiefolia. 



Wild grapes, ..... Vilis. 

 (All species.) 



Probably all the thorn trees (Cra/a-gus), including the English haw- 

 thorn (^Cratcegus Oxijacanlh(C). 



Sassafras, ..... Sassafras variifolium. 



Red mulberry, .... Morns rubra. 



Russian mulberry, .... Morns alba, var. Tatarica. 



Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Cellis occidentalis. 



American holly, .... Ilex opaca,. 



Winterbeny, black alder, . . Ilex verlicillata. 



(Probablj' other sjjecies of holly (Ile.v) are also eaten.) 



Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celastrus sca?ideus. 



Myriea carolinensis. 

 Berberis vulgaris. 

 Amelanchier canadensis 

 Pyrns arbntifolia. 



* Bay berry, .... 



* Barberry, common (European), 



* Shad bush, June berry, . 

 Red chokeberr}-, 



(Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 



Beach plum, ..... Prunus maritima. 



(And probaljly other plums.) 



Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Primus pennsylvanica. 



Sand cherry, ..... Prunus pmnila. 



* Black cherry, rum cherry, . . Prunus serotina. 



* Choke cherry, ..... Prunus virginiana. 

 Withe-rod, ..... Viburmim cassinoides. 

 Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, shee^) 



berry, ...... Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opulus.^ 



1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



