FAUNA AND FLOBA. 41 



Coleoptera. — Small beetles of several species are common on all 

 the islands, but none were noticed of large or even medium size. 

 The greatest variety occurs on the southern islands. 



Neuroptera. — Dragon-flies (Libellulas) are very common on 

 the northern and southern islands ; a few seen on the central 

 ones. May-flies {Ephemeridce) and some other species were also 

 noticed. 



Hymenoptera. — Humble-bees fairly common, ants (noticed only 

 on the southern islands), saw-flies. 



Orthoptera. — Noticed on the southern islands. Grasshoppers, 

 cockroaches, and earwigs. 



Lepidoptera. Butterflies are fairly numerous on the southern 

 islands, but they are all small, and number but a few species. 



In Paramushir and Shumshir two or three kinds only were 

 noticed, few in number and small in size. Moths are plentiful on 

 Kunashir and Yetorup, mostly of small size, and a fair number of 

 species appear to be represented. 



Two or three different kinds only were seen on the northern 

 islands, all small. 



Diptera.—Qnsii^, mosquitoes {Tipulidce), house-flies, flesh-flies, 

 gadflies, sand-flies, etc., and some other kinds. 



On the wooded islands mosquitoes and a small green and a 

 small black fly are great pests. During the summer months in 

 calm weather, when shooting or fishing up the streams, it is 

 necessary to wear gloves and a veil, for the mosquitoes and small 

 flies are so numerous and persistent in their attacks upon every 

 bit of exposed skin, that to remain in certain places without some 

 protection from them is almost impossible. On the northern and 

 central islands they are so few as not to be troublesome. 



Aptera. — Fleas and lice are plentiful where there are dwellings, 

 and ticks are numerous. 



- Ticks often get on to the sea-fowl which are nesting on the 

 islands. 



The writer on one occasion shot a gull which he thought to be 

 new to his collection, as it had a conspicuous ring extending around 

 its throat and back of the head. On securing the bird, the " ring " 

 was found to be composed of ticks as large as peas. Several auks 

 were caught also, the heads of which were infested with ticks 

 gorged with blood. 



