148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



markings are decidedly different, however, being basal 

 in Setophaga and terminal in Pipilo. In both species 

 the black of the male is replaced in the female by brown. 

 Perhaps the most curious point of resemblance, how- 

 ever, is the fact that both species which belong to the 

 eastern states, have western or southwestern represent- 

 atives (Setophaga jncta and Pipilo raaculatus) in which 

 there is a greater amount of black, and in which the 

 sexes are colored alike. To be sure, the difference in 

 structure, size and general appearance between these two 

 birds is so great as to apparently preclude any possi- 

 bility of kinship, yet the parallelism is complete in so 

 many points that it is difficult to believe it to be a mere 

 coincidence. 



There are, however, several species in which the color 

 of the back, head, throat and breast is black or some 

 very dark shade, in abrupt contrast to the pure white of 

 the breast. Such, for instance, is the case with Junco 

 hyemalis and Sayornis nigrescens. 



Again, the area of black may be the same, but the un- 

 der parts some color, such as yellow or brown, instead of 

 white. As examples of this Icterus parisorum and I. 

 spurius may be cited. The general style of coloration 

 in the rose-breasted grosbeak (Habia liidoviciana.) is the 

 same, although the black is interrupted on the back 

 by a patch of rose color. This species forms a connect- 

 ing stage between such forms as Pipilo, Setophaga, Junco 

 and Sayornis, where the black extends from the back 

 around the throat and breast, and such forms as the 

 Blackburnian warbler ( Dendroica blackburniai), where the 

 entire upper parts are black and the entire lower parts 

 light colored. In the magnolia warbler (D. maculosa), 

 the black is still an important feature of the back, but 

 less evenly distributed, not covering the top of the head, 

 and frequently broken by olive green. It also appears 

 in decided streakings upon the breast and sides. 



