MANUFACTUEE OF CHEESE. 413 



We can observe this with more distinctness in her case ; but similar causes 

 produce like results in the lower animals, and consequently every means should 

 be used to insure tranquillity in our milch cows. Everybody knows that 

 when a cow is driven rapidly on her way home to be milked, the milk is less- 

 ened in quantity, becomes hot, and is more liable to sour. That portion of 

 food which supports respiration and animal heat is precisely the same which, 

 if not so used up. goes to form butter ; and every cause Avhich increases the 

 rapidity of breathing diminishes the amount of butter the cow might other- 

 wise yield. Cows should be driven as leisurely as they will walk, never ha- 

 rassed, annoyed, or irritated by man, boy, or dog. Harsh treatment of any and 

 every sort has a very injurious elfect on the milk, by reason of both mental 

 and physical causes. 



The operation of milking should be governed by the same general rule ; use 

 only kindness, and let the animal understand that she is approached with none 

 but friendly intentions. In ninety, and perhaps ninety-nine cases out of a 

 hundred, kicking and all other vicious tricks originate in disregard of this rule. 

 Milking should be done at regular intervals ; as soon as the proper time comes, 

 if the cow is not milked she becomes restless. Let the udder be cleaned 

 tlioroughiy, and, beginning slowly, let the process soon be as rapid as is con- 

 sistent with gentleness, and make it complete. The "strippiugs" are from five 

 to iiiteen times as rich in butter as the milk earlier drawn. We cannot afiord 

 to lose this ; and, what is of more consequence, leaving some in the udder tends 

 to decrease the secretion. Poor milkers dry up cows. 



To provide against the effect of the almost certain deterioration of pasture 

 during the dry weather of July and August, there should be a good supply 

 of succulent food in reserve, to be cut as required. Clover and oats furnish 

 excellent green food ; but the cheapest, and, on the whole, the best is greeu 

 corn fodder. Southern or sweet corn sown closely in drills oi- broadcast on 

 jaud in good conduion makes good food ; allow an acre to every eight or ten 

 cows. If not all required during summer and autumn, it furnishes an excel- 

 lent winfer fodder. Productive cows, if not fully supplied in the hot season, 

 are liable to run down ; and it will be found both easier and cheaper to main- 

 tain condition than to restore it after being lost. Besides, if allowed to shrink 

 much in their How of milk at this season, generous feeding subsequently, 

 especially if the cow is with calf, will tend rather to lay on flesh than to restore 

 the secretion of milk. 



It will be fuund good economy to lay in a large store of roots for winter 

 feeding. For this purpose the carrot and mangold offer many advantages. 

 The first is the more nutritious, and on soils adapted to it, and with clean and 

 rich culture, is easily grown. It is good from autumn to spring. The man- 

 gold succeeds better on clayey land and within reach of sea breezes ; or if in 

 the interior, the land should have a dressing of salt some weeks before sowing 

 the seed. These roots keep late, and are best during winter and spring. If 

 used earlier they are liable to produce scouring. With good management and 

 in a fair season, the equivalent of from six to ten tons of hay can be grown on 

 an acre. Turaips give more or less flavor to milk, but to cows not in milk 

 they may be fed with profit. If much rough or coarse fodder is to be used, 

 roots are indispensable ; and they are of great assistance even with good hay. 

 In quantities not exceeding a peck per day per head, they are of considerably 

 greater value than the mere amount of nutriment they contain, inasmuch as 

 they assist the digestive process, and enable the animals to obtain more nourish- 

 ment from the other fodder consumed than they otherwise would. When fed 

 out more freely we must expect benefit only in proportion to- their nutritious 

 matter, but this alone is sufficient to warrant extensive cultivation ; and when 

 their great efficacy in preserving the health and condition of animals is consid- 

 ered, the neglect to supply them seems almost inexcusable. If condition be 



