Natural History. 183 



Effects 1 . Much smoke, small streams of lava not passing the 

 foot of the great volcanic cone. 



2. Rupture of the eastern lip of the crater; column of fire; 

 ejection of lava on the east and west of the crater ; small shower of 

 coarse sand. 



3. Pine of sand; new jet of lava ; small shower of coarse sand. 



4. Force of the eruption at its maximum ; new explosion with 

 the destruction of the S.E. eminence of the crater; great overflowing 

 of lava from the same side ; ignition of the crater ; many columns 

 of ignited stones thrown with force into the air ; great development 

 of electricity in the clouds of sand. 



5. Great eruption of sand ; further overflowing of lava ; elec- 

 tricity weaker than before. 



6. Two pines on the crater; rain of fine red sand. 



7. Pine small; small shower of red sand. 



On comparing the duration of the paroxysms, it will be seen that 

 the shortest are found in the middle, and the longest at the extremi- 

 ties ; but the shortest were the most violent, and the force of the 

 others was inversely as their duration. 



9. Hot Springs at Jumnotri. — The following account is from Captain 

 Hodgson's relation of his Journey to the Source of the Jumna. The 

 time was April, 1S21. " At Jumnotri, the snow which covers and 

 conceals the stream is about sixty yards wide, and is bounded to the 

 right and left by mural precipices of granite. It is about forty ftet 

 five inches and a half thick, and has fallen from the precipices above. 

 In front, at the distance of about five hundred yards, part of the base 

 of the great Jumnotri mountain rises abruptly, cased in snow and ice, 

 and shutting up and totally terminating the head of this defile, in which 

 the Jumna originates. I was able to measure the thickness of the 

 bed of snow over the stream very exactly, by means of a plumb line 

 let down through one of the holes in it, which are caused by the steam 

 of a great number of boiling springs, on the border of the Jumna. 

 The snow is very solid and hard frozen, but we found means to de- 

 scend through it to the Jumna, by an exceedingly steep and narrow 

 dark hole made by the steam, and witnessed a very extraordinary 

 scene, for which I am indebted to the earliness of the season and the 

 unusual quantity of snow which had fallen this season. When I 

 got footing at the stream, (here only a pace wide) it was some time 

 before I could discern any thing, on account of the darkness of the 

 place made so by the thick steam, but having some white lights with 

 me, I fired them, and by their glare was able to see and admire the 

 curious domes of snow over head ; these are caused by the hot steam 

 melting the snow over it. Some of these excavations are very spa- 

 cious, resembling vaulted roofs of marble, and the snow, as it melts, 

 falls in showers like heavy rain to the stream, which appears to owe 



