^6 Analysis of Scientific Books. 



const of England they occur at Lyme and Cliarmoulli, and they 

 have been found in the central counties. In North Wales, Scot- 

 land, and Ireland, these relics have also been met with always in 

 the superficial gravel or loam, and never imbedded in what may 

 be called the regular strata. 



The circumstances that attend some of these deposits require to he more 

 particularly detailed. In the streets of London, the teeth and bones are 

 often found, in digging foundations and sewers, in the gravel e. g., ele- 

 plmnts' teeth have been found under twelve feet of gravel in Gray's-Inn 

 Lane ; and lately, at thirty feet deep, in digging the grand sewer, near 

 Charles Street, on the east of Waterloo Place. At Kingsland, near 

 Hoxton, in 1806, an entire elephant's skull was discovered, containing two 

 tusks of enormous length, as well as the grinding-teeth : they have, also, 

 been frequently found at llford, on the road from London to Harwich; and, 

 indeed, in almost all the gravel-pits round London. The teeth are of all 

 sizes, from the niilk-teeth to those of the largest and most perfect growth ; 

 and some of them show all the intermediate and peculiar stages of change 

 to which the teeth of modern elephants are subject. In the gravel-pits at 

 Oxford and Abingdon, teeth and tusks, and various bones of the elephant, 

 are found mixed with the bones of rhinoceros, horse, ox, hog, and several 

 species of deer, often crowded together in the same pit, and seldom rolled 

 or rubbed at the edges, although they have not been found united in entire 

 skeletons. 



For foreign localities of the fossil elephant our author refers to 

 Cuvier's account of places in which they have been found all over 

 Europe. Of these one of the most remarkable is in the valley of 

 the Arno, near Florence, where they occur associated with parts 

 of the skeletons of hippopotami rhinoceri, hyasnas, bears, tigers, 

 wolves, ^'C. In Asiatic llussia, frcjm the Don to the extremity of 

 the j)romontory of Tchutchis, there is not a river, in the banks of 

 which they do not find elephants and other animals now strangers 

 to that climate. 



In treating of the evidence of the diluvial action afforded by 

 deposits of loam and gravel, Professor Buckland very justly re- 

 marks, that the theories suggested to account for such appearances, 

 have been defective from their attempting to refer to one circum- 

 stance two distinct classes of phenomena ; namely, the general 

 dispersion of gravel and loam over hills and elevated plains as well 

 as valleys ; and the partial collection of gravel at the foot of 

 torrents, and of mud along the course and at the mouths of rivers. 

 The former of these only appears to be the effect of an imiversal 

 and transient deluge, whilst the latter are distinctly referable 

 to the action of existing causes. 



I have seen a good example of these two deposits in Holland in imme- 

 diate contact with one another. The alluvial detritus of modern rivers, 

 which is so enormous in that country, never rises above the level of the 

 highest possible land-floods ; but beneath this level forms nearly the entire 

 surface of that low and extensive flat; whilst the diluvisil deposits rise 

 from beneath it into a chain of hills, composed of gravel, sand, and loam, 

 which cross Guelderland, between the Yssel and the Rhine, from the south- 

 east border of the Zuyder Zee, to Arnheim, and Nymegen, and form at 

 the latter place a clifl", overhanging the left bank of the Waal, and another 

 clitifof the same kind on the right bank of the Rhine, from Arnheim to 

 Amerongen, on the road to Utrecht. In the districts that lie below the 

 flood-level of these rivers, .it is probable that there is an extensive deposit 

 of this same diluvium bur*ed beneath the alluvium, which forms the sur- 



