C 29 ) 



the axis of the branch, sometimes at a right angle {Fagus, Celastrus); or 

 the bud is appressed, the axis being parallel to the shoot ( Cornus, Virhurmim, 

 Sallx*). 



The axis of a bud wh'ch stands straight above the leaf-scar is radial, 

 it points to the centre of the branch ; but in some species, particularly in 

 those with bifarious buds (J/o?-»s, Cdtix, Ulmus, Tilia) the bud stands not 

 right above the leaf-scar but a little aside, tlien the direction of the bud is 

 oblique, and its axis is tangential, it strikes the periphery of the shoot. 

 The axis itself is sometimes not straight, but bent {Celtis, Ulmus). 



THE SCALES OF THE BUD, 



The number of scales is not always definite. It is said to be ten in 

 Carya alba; and yet I have counted in the upper bud a greater number, 

 sometimes even as many as twenty, though in many species the number is 

 constant. >SalLi- has the bud covered by a single hood-like scale, Tilia has 

 two, the inner one larger and enveloping the bud with overlapping margins. ' 

 In Negundo and Stapliylea one pair is visible, the inner ones are herbaceous 

 and pass into leaves. Acer dasycarpun has four pairs, and Acer sacrhari- 

 num eight pairs, Acscidus four opposite rows of five to six scales each. 

 Fraxinus and Euorryvms have three pairs. 



The arrangement of the scales follows the rule of Phyllotaxis. In the 

 bifarious species the scales are arranged in two rows, and there are four 

 scales in each row (in Ulmiis, Celtis, Mortis). In those with five buds in 

 two circuits the buds have the same arrangement, they are imbricate. f 



The form of the scales is often variable in the same species and the 

 same individual. It is mostly ovate and convex, pointed (^Aesculus, Pojm- 

 lus, Quercua coccinea), or mucronate (Crataegus'), or obtuse (^Corylus, 

 Quercus nigra'). The scales are pinnately grooved at the upper end in 

 many species with pinnate leaves (^Fraxinus, Juglans, Carya arnara). 



The surface is smooth [Crataegus, Quercus ruhra),ov^\xhesGent (Fagus, 

 Carya alba), or tomentose (^RJms glabra, Vbmis fuha, Quercus coccinea), 

 or sericeous (^Dirca), or velvety (^Asimiiia), or furfuraceous (Car-ya 

 amara^. The color is mostly brown, but sometimes green (Fuonymus), 

 yellow (Carya amara, Dirca, Liriodendron), rusty red (Zanthoxylon), 

 bluish black [Fraxinns samhucifolia) , purplish brown (Asimina). Some 

 have a darker colored zone along the margin (Morus). 



VERNATION. 



When we cut a bud horizontally, we observe the inner arrangement, 

 the position of the leaves and their parts. In the species with decussate 



*In Salix cordata Var. angusta, only the flower-buds are somewhat spreading. 



tM. C. De Candolle {Memoiresurlafautilledes Jiiglandees) calls the buds of Carya 

 olivaeformis 2s^(\. amara decussate. That may be true concerning' the lateral buds; 

 in the terminal buds, as many as I have examined, I have found the phyllotaxis 

 invai-iably 2-5. 



The same author differs from other botanists in his phyllotaxis, since he 

 passes from one scale, bud or leaf to the next on the longest and not on the shortest 

 line, and thus, of course, makes three circuits instead of two. 



