1824.]) 
vent the latter from subsiding. Isin- 
glass dissolved in weak’ spirit, gum 
acacia, simple or pure aluminous 
paste, &c: suffice. - 
’ The varnish, either-that ‘in common 
use, or the following, may be cm- 
ployed: ~ Fob som 
Asphaltum four parts, gum mastic or 
gum anime two or three parts, drying 
linseed oil from two to three parts. 
—Melt the bitumen and gum in au 
ion yessel over.a charcoal fire, then 
add the oil; when well mixed, remove 
ihe vessel from the fire; add Venice 
turpentine two parts, and gradually 
six or eight parts of essential oil: 
strain, if tt should be too thick; when 
cool add more of the essential oi]. ‘The 
proportions here given admit of being 
varied.— London Journal of Arts. 
LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS. 
~ Alexander Dallas, of Nortlumberland-, 
court, Sonthampton Buildings, engineer, 
for his invention of a machine to peck and 
dress stones, of variots descriptions, par- 
licnlarly granite stone.—April 27. 
John Yurner, of Birmingham, Warwick, 
brass and iron feunder, for his invention 
of a machine for crimping, pleating, and 
goffering, linen, muslins, frills, and other 
afticles.— April 27. 
George Vaughan, of Sheffield, York, 
for his invention of an improvement or 
Literary and Critical Proémium. 
55 
improvements on steam-engines, by which. 
means power will be gained and expense 
saved.—May 1. , 
Jolin Crosley, of Cottage Lane, City 
Road, for his invention of an improvement 
in the construction of lamps or lanterns, 
for the better protection of the ight 
avainst the effects of wind cr motion — 
May 4. 
James Viney, of Shanklen, in the Isle 
of Wight, colonel in the Royal Artillery, 
for his invention of certain improvements 
in, and additions to, water-closets,—' 
Iiay 6. 
William Cleland, of Leadenhall-street, : 
for his invention of certain improvements ° 
in the process of’ manufacturing sugar 
from cane-juice, and in the refining of" 
suyar, and other substances.—May 6. 
Jobn Vheodpre Paul, late of Geneva, 
but now residing at Charing Cross, West-- 
minster, mechanist, in consequence of a) 
communication made to him by a certain 
foreigner residing abroad, for certain im- 
provements in the method or methods of 
generating steam, and in the application 
of it to various useful purposes.—May 15. 
Join Potter, of Smedley, near Man- 
chester, Lancaster, spinner and manu- 
facturer, for his invention of certain im- 
provements in looms, to be impelled by 
mechanical power, for weaving various: 
kinds of figured fabries, whether of silk, 
cotton, flax, wool, or other materials or 
mixtures of the same; part of which im- 
provements are applicable to hand-looms. 
—May 6. . 
NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN. JULY: 
WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. 
—a—— 
Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are 
requested to transmit copies before the Vth of the Month. 
—= 
W E congratulate tle public on the ap- 
pearance of the second part of Mr. 
Boorn’s Analylical Dictionary of the Eng- 
list Language. Aided by its index, it is 
the only practical interpreter of the sense 
and appropriate use 6f words; and, for the 
first time, tiis plan renders a dictionary a 
work of entertainment. It is impossible 
to explain Mr, Booth’s system better than 
by a quotation, and we shall for this pur- 
pose take at random the word BURGH or 
BonrouGH, and its associations. 
A Buren, Burrow, or Boroven, was originally a 
place of defence, what we now call a WaALLrp 
Lown ; although the word Town itself (as its etymo- 
logy implies) was a covered place, being surrounded 
with walls. In times when this country was di- 
vied, into many different. governments, — when 
every feudal chieftain, in his turn, forgot ha fealty 
and accounted himself a kiny,—places Of strength 
were multiplied, and every considerable village 
had i's walls with Ports, (barricadoed Gates,) which 
were kept shut and guarded, to prevent surprize : 
while those insulated heights and ‘rocks, which pre- 
senfed more natural means of defence, attracted 
larger masses of population, and became castles; 
forts, or Crravexs, in the. interior of the Burghs, ox 
Cities, which they defended. ; 
The Latin civitas, (coire, to assemble,) from 
which the Fiench cité, a Crry, isderived, denoted: 
a collection of people. Itincluded no idea of being 
a place of strength; for it often denominated a 
whole nation, as well as a single town; and: this: 
distinction of original meanings appears in the de- 
rivatives. from City and Burgh. City is a modern 
word in our language, and its application has been 
the subject of controversy. Ingeneral usage, hows 
ever, the name of City is given only to such Burghs 
as are, or have been, bishops? sees. Citadel is the 
Italian diminutive céttade/la; for, in that language 
citta, a town or city, is always. understuod to be a 
place of strength. 
- The inhabitants of our ancient Boroughs were go-~ 
verned by certain laws, and entitied to certain pri- 
vileges, different from what belonged to the wan- 
dering herdsmen, or to the’ scattered cultivators of 
the soil, who were frequently liable to a-changeof 
masters; and Boroughs are yet distinguished, from 
other towns and villages, by the possession of those 
laws and privileges which have remained while 
their causes no longer exist. These peculiar ad- 
vantages are termed the Francmises, (French, 
Sranc, free,) or rights of a Borough or Corporation, 
orof any individual belonging to sucha body. The 
individual is said to be ExrrancuisEp, tobe made 
a Freeman tof that Body,—to have acquired his 
Freevom. Tbe Freedum ofan individual member, 
or 
