T2 BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS 
the south shore of the Cape, and the Toad of this region has been 
by some considered as a distinct species under the name of Bufo 
Jowleri Put. The Garter Snake known as Zhamnophis sirtalis 
ordinata, a southern form, occurs at least as far as the islands to 
the south of the Cape. Here too, on Martha’s Vineyard, the Her- 
mit ‘Thrush is found in summer about Lake Tashmoo. In short 
the entire region is one of the most interesting in the State and 
needs a more careful study. 
Canadian : This zone includes the higher regions of Worcester 
and Berkshire Counties, above an altitude of from 1,800 to 2,000 
feet. A southerly exposure forces the lower boundary of the zone 
upward, but it is carried down by a northern slope which does not 
get so great an insolation, or by streams and deep ravines which 
furnish a large supply of moisture and consequent coolness by 
evaporation. Canadian “islands” are of frequent occurrence in 
the midst of Transition territory. These areas in Massachusetts, 
are usually cedar swamps and occur often about the larger bodies 
of water, or in low damp situations. ‘The extensive cedar swamps 
of Plymouth and Bristol Counties are instances of such “islands.” 
In them the cedars stand in clumps of two or three, causing a 
slight elevation of the ground about their roots. Their thick tops 
cast a dense shade upon the sphagnum-carpeted surface beneath. 
An undergrowth of bushes often makes difficult any attempt to 
penetrate into the swamp, a hindrance which is increased by the 
extreme treacherousness of the ground itself. Cranberry bogs 
skirt such swamps, and here the pitcher plant (Sarracenia pur- 
purea), the sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) and the orchids Pogonia 
and Calapogon Juxuriate. 
Apart from these islands, the Canadian zone of the uplands is 
characterized by such trees as the Red Spruce (Picea rubra) and 
the White Pine (/%zus strobus). ‘This life zone in Massachusetts 
belongs to the /ower, rather than to the wffer Canadian, and is 
characterized by the following twenty-four breeding birds : — 
Bonasaumbellus togata, Cryptoglaux acadica, Sphyrapicus varius, Dry- 
obates villosus, Ceophleus pileatus abteticola, Nuttallornis borealis, Vireo 
solitarius, Regulus satrapa, Sitta canadensis, Certhia familiart’s amert- 
cana, Anorthura hiemalis, Hylocichla ustulata swatnsontt, Hylocichla 
guttata pallastt, Wilsenta canadensis, Geothlypis philadelphia, Dendreca 
