FAUNAL AREAS 9 
and up on the coast as far north as the vicinity of Boston Bay, 
beyond which, Cape Ann seems to afford an effectual barrier. It 
must be stated, however, that north of the south shore of Bristol 
County, the occurrence of birds characteristic of this zone, is, in 
the main, irregular and uncertain, if not often accidental. ‘The 
following twelve Upper Austral birds have been ascertained to 
breed. in the State in the general areas named in connection with 
each, but where only a single instance .of breeding is known, the 
locality is specified : — 
Porzana jamaicensts, Chatham. Gadlinula galeata, Berkshire Valleys 
and along the coast into Middlesex Co. Empidonax acadicus, Hyde Park. 
Steloidopteryx serrtpennis, North Adams. Vireo noveboracensis. southern 
Berkshire Co., and along the coast into Essex Co. Mmus polyglottos, 
Conn. valley of southern Hampden Co., southern Bristol Co., and along 
the coast into Middlesex Co. Jcferza vitrens, valleys of Berkshire Co., 
Bristol Co., and along the coast into Essex Co. Svurus motacilla, Sheftield. 
Spiza americana, tormerly in Berkshire Valleys and along the coast into 
Middlesex Co. Jcterus sfurius, Berkshire Valleys, Conn. valley in 
Hampden Co., and along the coast into Middlesex Co. Cardinalis 
cardinals, Cambridge. Ammodramus maritimus, Westport. 
The following eight species, characteristic of the Upper 
Austral zone have been found in Massachusetts during the 
breeding season, under such circumstances as to suggest the 
probability of their breeding in the State, even though no nests 
were found : — 
Sterna maxima, Rynchops nigra, Nycticorax violaceus, Corvus osstfra- 
gus, Poltoptila cerulea, Thryothorus ludovictanus, Wilsonta mitrata, 
Protonotarta citrea. 
In addition, the following nineteen Upper Austral birds have 
been recorded as stragglers or occasional visitors to the State; — 
Pallus elegans, leallus crepitans, Tonornis martinica, Hematopus pal- 
liatus, Himantopus mexicanus, feecurvirostra americana, Ardea egretta, 
Ardea cerulea, Ardea candidissima, Catharista urubu, Cathartes aura, 
Elanoides forficatus, Strix pratincola, Melanerpes carolinus, Dendreca 
vara, Helminthophila pinus, Helmitherus vermtvorus, Prranga rubra, 
Gutraca cerulea,. 
Transition: This zone covers the greater part of Massachu- 
setts, including most of the territory up to about 2000 feet on the 
hills and mountains of the western part of the State and exclusive 
