1812.] 
a hemisphére, whose diameter being 
that of the size of the head required, 
is to be worked out; viewing the dies 
thas worked, and in the frame, which is 
the position in which they are placed 
while introducing the pointed shafts, 
each having a head loosely put on, the 
pt we die being at liberty in the frame, 
e pressure of its weight will be found 
sufficient to hold the number of shafts, 
with their heads in the respective places, 
while they are pushed forwards with a 
straight motion, until the quantity of 
heads prevents the shafts from going 
any further. I: this state it is neces- 
siry to turn a Jever, to which is fixed 
a screw for the purpose of forcing the 
dies together, which will hold the shafts 
firm enough to receive a stroke from a 
press on the top piece, to secure avd 
form complete the whole number of 
heads in the dies. The hemispheres 
may be finished according to fancy, as 
respects the ornament or figure of 
moulding intended for the top of the 
head, by sinking them accordingly. I 
leave a point in the centre of these 
cavities in the top piece, which serves 
when forced into the top of the shaft 
to widen it there, and form a rivet, and 
thereby secure the head firm from 
coming off the top of the shaft; and 
the dies being hard screwed together 
with the lever, there will be a collar 
formed by that pressure on the shatt 
under the head sufficient to prevent 
the liability of the head being by any 
ordinary Means forced down the shaft. 
Waring described the working parts and 
Proceedings of Learned Soctetics. 
$55 
explained the process by the dtavwings, 
Mr. B. adds, that placing the whote in 
a fly-press, ofe stroke therewith on the 
top piece Will be found suficient cu 
coinpleté the whole number of heads 
in thé die’: Titherto mt has been the 
practice to strike the head setétal 
times, and that on its sides, expecting 
to fix it on the shaft while held in @ 
Horizitital position. “ But niy ihethod,” 
says the patentee, “of effectually and 
securely fastening the heads on the 
shafts, and leaving the heads of a supe» 
rior form, is, by placing the shafts in # 
perpendicular direction, and striking 
the heads and shafts on their tops, 
which I call “superior heads,” and 
which I claim as my invention. The 
head wire may be made flat, either by 
drawing or rolling to a size, so that 
when spun oue or more rounds, will be 
sufficient for a head; head-wiré of a 
stnaller than ordinary size, without flar- 
ting, is recommended, so that when 
spun and cut three rounds, it shall con- 
tain the quanuty of metal required for 
the size head intended.’ When the 
heads have been fixed on the shafts by 
the fly-press, the screw is then to be 
turned back by the lever, and taking 
hold of the milled head, which is on 
the head ‘of the small shaft, and which 
goes through the screw, and is fixed 
to the top diés by being screwed ‘hard 
in the die, it may be drawn buck to 
separate the diés sufficiently wide for 
the superior-heuded pins, which ‘they 
contain, to fall chrough into some place 
prepared to receive them. 
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
— 
ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
™ AR. Kyicur, whose interesting 
_ papers have frequently engaged 
our attention, again claims the public 
notice. Ina former paper, he stated the 
result of many experiments on grafted 
trees, from which he inferred, that each 
_ Variety can be propagated with success 
during a limited period only; and that 
the graft, or other detached part of an 
old tree, or old variety, can never form 
that which can with propriety be ealled 
a young tree. Since this, he had en. 
 deavoured to ascertain which, ais ong the 
various organs that compose a tree, first 
fails to execute its office, and thus tends 
to bring on the debility of old age, 
b. 
Whatever difference éxists between the 
functions of Animal and vegetable lite, 
there is @ Very’ohvidus analogy betiveen 
some of the organs of plants aiid those 
Of annals; and it’does ‘not appear very 
improbable, that the ‘correspondent ore 
gan ineach may fitst fail'to execute its 
office. Naturalists have considered the 
structure Of plants as an inversion of 
that of animals, and have compared the 
roots to the intestines, and the leavés tw 
the lungs of animals; ‘and the analogy 
betweén the vegetable sap and «animal 
blood, is close and obvious ; and there is 
scarcely a doubt that the sap of trees 
circulates ‘as far ds is necessaty to, or 
consistent with, their state of rope 
‘ar 
