ANNOTATED LIST. 47 
on its basal part. The abactinal surface of the ray is covered by a single longitudinal 
series of about 10 circular, slightly convex plates, the last 2 or 3 of which are quite small 
and alternate with the superomarginals. On each side of this series are 3 well-separated 
plates, the first indications of lateral series. Papule extend to the terminal plate. There 
are 11 inferomarginals, the first two underlying the first two superomarginals, but. distal 
to that point they lie more or less clearly alternating with the superomarginals. They 
decrease in size rather uniformly. The proximal ones are much longer than high, but the 
distalmost three are markedly higher than long; these three are also much swollen and bear 
4 or 5 very large tubercle-like granules at the center. On plates 4 to 8 there are some indi- 
cations of enlarged central granules but they are quite inconspicuous. The first actino- 
lateral series is fairly well developed with an unpaired plate just outside the oral shields 
and about 14 plates, extending distally from it, adjoining the adambulacrals; the series 
reaches the seventh inferomarginal; excepting the first 2 or 3, these plates are increasingly 
convex with relatively very coarse central granules and, on the distalmost two or three, 
one of these granules is tuberculoid. A second series of actinolateral plates is indicated 
by about 3 minute plates, and there are 2 or 3 actinal papule with usually 1 intermarginal 
papula. The adambulacral armature is in two distinct rows, a furrow series of 3 (usually 
4 proximally and mostly only 2 distally) flattened, blunt, subequal spinelets, and a sub- 
ambulacral series of 2 (very rarely 3) shorter, stouter, subequal ones. There are a few 
(1 to 4) very small granules on the outer margin of each adambulacral plate. 
The next larger specimen, with R=22 or 23 mm., differs scarcely at all abactinally, 
but on the lower surface we find a better development of actinolateral plates and a slight 
difference in the adambulacral armature. The first series of actinolaterals reaches the 
eighth inferomarginal, while the second is made up of 6 or 7 plates and reaches the fourth 
inferomarginal. There are 5 to 7 actinal and 1 to 5 intermarginal papule. With rare 
exceptions there are only 2 spinelets in the furrow series, as well as in the subambulacral, 
and there are never 4. The granules on the outer margin of each adambulacral plate are 
coarser and a few are quite tuberculoid, so that one might almost consider them as a second 
subambulacral series. 
The holotype of F. japonica, with R=32 mm., has the lateral series of abactinal 
plates well developed; scattered, still smaller plates are also present, indicating a second 
irregular series on each side. The abactinal granulation is relatively finer than in the small 
specimens. There are 14 or 15 superomarginals on each side, of which the fourth, sixth, 
eighth, tenth, and twelfth are small and nearly flat; but it must be added that no 2 series 
of the 10 are exactly alike in size, proportions, form, and position of the superomarginals. 
Tuberculoid granules on the distalmost are quite conspicuous. The inferomarginals are 
quite irregular in number, size, and form, and the tuberculoid granules on the distalmost 
are often very conspicuous. The first series of actinolaterals reaches the tenth inferomar- 
ginal but the second and the papulz show about the same condition as in the specimen 
with R=22 mm. The adambulacral armature is also much as in that individual, differing 
only in two insignificant points; the furrow spines are longer, more slender, and more 
pointed; the subambulacral series often has one of its two spines much larger than the 
other which is sometimes reduced to a mere granule. There seems to be no good reason 
why the small Samoan Fromias should not be considered the young of the species of which 
the type of /’. japonica is the adult or at least more than a half-grown specimen. 
The type of F. major, with R=55 mm., has numerous abactinal plates on the rays, 
the second lateral series being pretty well developed. There are 21 or 22 superomarginal 
plates, of which every other one beginning with the fourth (or usually the sixth, in one 
series the seventh) and extending to the eighteenth or nineteenth, is small and flat and 
was considered by Koehler in his description as merely ‘‘un espace trés marqué.” The 
tuberculation of the distal superomarginals is evident though not very conspicuous. There 
