ANNOTATED LIST. 49 
taken at a depth of 78 fathoms. The other two specimens look different, and it is quite 
possible that more material will show that there are 2, and perhaps 3, Austrofromias on the 
temperate coasts of Australia. The specimens described have R=65 to 86 mm. 
Austrofromia schultzei. 
Fromia schultzet Déderlein. 1910. Schultze’s Ergeb. Siidafrika, 4, pt. 1, p. 249, pl. iv, figs. 3-3b. 
A single specimen, taken in False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, is the basis of this species 
which is obviously near the preceding. It has R=49 mm. and r=14 mm. The regularity 
of arrangement of the relatively few spines in the adambulacral armature serves to distin- 
guish easily the South African species. 
NARDOA. 
Gray. 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 286. 
Genotype: Asterias variolatus Lamarck. 1816. Anim. s. Vert. 2, p. 565. 
Type here designated for the first time. The first species mentioned by Gray, and 
one of the most typical, as well as longest known, is selected. 
This genus has proved to be one of the most difficult in the family to revise, specific 
limits being unusually difficult to draw. This is due not only to considerable individual 
diversity but also to the fact that the adambulacral armature is quite uniform and in most 
of the species affords no distinctive characters. The individual diversity is most marked 
in the relative length and form of the rays, in the size and number of the abactinal plates, 
and in the number and arrangement of the actinolateral and lower marginal plates. Study 
of the available material, descriptions, and figures, has led me to believe that the most 
important characters for distinguishing the species are the presence or absence of conspicu- 
ous abactinal tubercles, the arrangement of the superomarginal plates, the relative sizes 
of the abactinal plates, and the contrast (or lack of it) between the basal and terminal por- 
tions of the rays in the character of their dorsal skeleton. 
Gray included 3 species in the genus, variolata, agassizii, and tuberculata. It has been 
generally agreed for a long time that the second is synonymous with the first. Subsequent 
writers for many years failed to recognize the genus Nardoa, Scytaster being a more or less 
approximate substitute. Perrier (1875), however, divided Scytaster into 2 sections, the 
first including Nardoa and Gomophia, the second Narcissia. In the first section, he included 
(besides Gray’s species) 3 new species, novecaledonia, obtusa, and gomophia. ‘The first 
was in the Paris Museum, the last two in London. So far as I can see gomophia is a rela- 
tively small specimen of novecaledonie, but this will be discussed in detail under the latter 
species. In 1889, Sladen, supporting (apparently unconsciously) Verrill’s action of 1867 
(p. 285) retaining Nardoa of Gray, pointed out with some detail the propriety of recogniz- 
ing Nardoa and discarding Scytaster. He, however, followed Perrier in making Gomoplhia 
a synonym of Nardoa, a course which seems to me quite unwarranted, as Gomophia is a 
more highly specialized type. Sladen included in Nardoa, besides the species already men- 
tioned, Scytaster galathee Liitken, Linckia pauciforis and semiseriata of von Martens, and 
Scytaster semiregularis Miiller and Troschel. The first two of these seem to me to be 
properly assigned to Nardoa, but the very characteristic form and the regular longitudinal 
arrangement of the abactinal plates in semiregularis incline me to make it the type of a 
new genus (Certonardoa), and the isolated papule and very numerous longitudinal series 
of abactinal plates in semiseriata necessitate a new genus (Plenardoa) for it. 
In 1891, de Loriol added 2 new species to Nardoa: mollis, which is a well-marked 
species, and finschi, which seems to be synonymous with pauciforis. No further additions 
were made to the genus until 1910(a), when Koehler described 4 new species and referred 
to 2 others, which exist in name only, at the point where he mentions them. His carinata 
and sqguamulosa are based on very young individuals, which I think may prove to be the 
