4 Hints to the F tamers of Laws f 01 

 45111. its bouhdarv had reached as far as 

 Copernicus. At llh. 50ni. Plato was 

 involved ill darkness ; and, in f)in. after, 

 Aristotle's and Manilius' shared the same 

 fate. At T2h. the sable cnrlain of night 

 was seen stielching c^er the sea 

 serenitaiis ; and t!:e umbra now had 

 reached its greatest extent noithwurd. 

 At 12h. 5ai. that conspicuous part on 

 the moon called Tycho, entered the 

 umbra. 



The lower, or southern, horn of the 

 iilumiimted i)art of the ]) appeared, at 

 this time, more sharp and projecting 

 than the npper or northern one; and so 

 jrt continued till the total obscuration. 



At l'2h. 16m. the umbra touched the 

 eastern shore of the sea of Crisium, near 

 Proculus; and in 7m. this sea was hid 

 from \ie\v. At 12h. 39m. the whole of 

 the D 's disc entered the dark shadow of 

 the earth; still a faint light was observ- 

 able on the J)'s south-west limb, till 

 60m. after 12, when she was no longer 

 ■visible in the field of the telescope. 



The total disappeaiance of the D 

 could not be entirely owing to her im- 

 mersion into the shadow of the earth, 

 but to the twilight, and a thin vapour 

 ■which over-spread that part of the 

 hemisphere at the time. 



As Aurora was fast advancing, and 

 the sky with us not perfectly clear, I did 

 not observe the emersion. Owing to 

 the very great accuracy of the French 

 astronomical tables, one, perhaps, feels 

 less interest(!d in watching the plieno- 

 nciia of the heavens, tlian if some doubt 

 or uncertainty attended very careful 

 calculations, made from numbers less to 

 Le depended upon. T. Squire. 



JEpping; June 14, 1816. 



For the Moiithhj Maf^azine. 



HINTS to the FRAMERS of LAWS, for 



relieving the class cf population 

 tcho are unaule to labour, tvhn are 



UNABLE to procure LABOUR, or who 



are unable to live upon the wages 



vf LABOUR. 



I. 



AS one of the chief causes of poverty 

 is the fluctuation of employments, 

 and often the introduction of useful ma- 

 chinery, which supersedes labour, three 

 magistrates should be authorised to di- 

 rect allowances from the county rates, 

 to be paid to artisans or labourers, Avho 

 ujake it appear that, from causes not 

 within their control, or of alledgcd ge- 

 ueral bcaufit to ilic public, they arc for 



• ilie Beripfif of the Poor. [A115. 1, 



a season deprived of the means of can)' 

 ing their living, according to their ac- 

 customed callings. 



II. 



On the same principle, as the one* 

 flourishing stale of our manufactures 

 and commerr-c has drawn from agricuU 

 turc tiioUi^ands of faniilies, who arc now 

 staning in towns, and whose lands ar» 

 now occupied by engrossers of land, 

 these engrossers should be so assessed 

 as to be obliged to maintain those v. Iinse 

 independent subsistence they hold, with 

 a view to discoinage the occupation of 

 large farms, and to aiford indcpcndant 

 subsistence in small farms to tliosc who 

 now find themselves unable to subsist 

 by trade and manufactures, 

 in. 



To restore the equilibrium of employ- 

 ments in the great cliaiige w liicli, owing 

 to the foreign policy of the government, 

 is now taking place in the Brilish 

 islands, is the primary and imperious 

 duty of wise and benevolent legisla- 

 tion, and the means in this ease are dis- 

 couraging assessments on large farms, 

 according to a scale of their sizes. 



IV. 



That spirit of speculation, which iii 

 commerce may be useful, is destructive 

 of society when directed to land, which 

 is the article of the veiy first necessity, 

 and definite or limited in its i|uantity. 

 Eesides, the agricidtural is the only at- 

 tached population, and is the basis or 

 integer of a country ; the other parts are 

 unattached, and may be drawn away to 

 any country, w Inch, for the time being, 

 enjoys the monopoly of trade. 

 V. 



The laws against combinations, in re- 

 gard to the wages of labour, should ap- 

 ply with equal force to masters as well 

 as to servants. 



VI. 



At some poor establishment in every 

 parish, all who declare themselves desti- 

 tute and unable to procure employment 

 should be entitled to receive, once a day, 

 a full and wholesome meal, in the porch 

 or hall of the establishment. 



VII. 



A fund should be established for old 

 age and poverty, to be derived from a 

 pound paid at the birth of a child by pa- 

 rents or the parish. 



1. If 60 were deemed the period of de- 

 crepitude or siiprr.mnnation, tlieii, at com- 

 pound interest of five per cent, the pound 

 will in 60 years amount to '^01. — Tiie ave- 

 rage survivors at 60 being in Great Bri- 



tMB 



