66 PRESIDENTS ADDRESS—SECTION C. 
same fate as that of the Cephalopoda, but it will be admitted 
that before final acceptance of their specific identity confirmation 
by an acknowledged expert is imperative. 
VII. Uprrr Patmozoic.—De Koninck, in his treatment of the 
Australian species of this era, was largely guided in his reference 
of them to Silurian, Devonian, or Carboniferous by the associated 
forms considered by him to be European identities. Unfortu- 
nately the loss of the entire collection on which his determina- 
tions were founded has disarmed criticism, as any challenge 
respecting the correct application of species-names can only 
apply to those fossils which on our interpretation may be the 
same as those of the type-collection. This possible element of 
error on our part is increased by the many omissions of locality- 
references in De Koninck’s monograph. Nevertheless, there 
seems good reason for the opinion that many so-called European 
species are not identities, but analogues. This is particularly 
noticeable among the corals, as the result of anatomical 
analysis by Mr. Etheridge, jun.; such similar rigorous re- 
examination in other fossil groups of presumably Koninckian 
species has failed to establish absolute identity with the Euro- 
pean species as applied by the names attached to them by the 
late Belgian professor. Thus Calcevla sandalina is probably 
Rhizophyllum interpunctatum, a Silurian, and not a Devonian 
fossil. Of the seven species of Zaphrentis, elaborated by Mr. 
Etheridge, jun., not one of De Koninck’s identifications is con- 
firmed ; so also of the nine species of Pentamerus, only two are 
admitted to be European. Up to the present time the amount 
of material awaiting reinvestigation is much greater than that 
which has been dealt with; what has been accomplished creates 
a doubt as to the validity of the remaining species attributed to 
Europe. Under the circumstances it would be wise to record the 
verdict not proven. 
The European species of our Upper Paleozoic, which have 
stood the test of exhaustive comparisons by paleontologists 
skilled in modern methods of work, are few in number, ¢.g., 
Chonetes striatus, Spirifera levicosta, Pentamerus Knightii, &e. 
In this connection I quote the statement made by Mr. Whiteaves 
that “ Atrypa reticularis appears to be the only well-known 
Kuropean species in the Hamilton group.” A. reticularis 
appears to have been more or less cosmopolitan in Siluro- 
Devonian times. 
VIII. Orpovic1an.—No single species of fossil of the Larapin- 
tine series has as yet been recognised as exotic. In regard to 
the Victorian series only one mollusc is known; it is endemic ; 
the bulk of the fauna consists of Graptolites, nineteen species 
of which were monographed by M‘Coy. Of these, seventeen 
were referred to European or American species, but in later 
