PRESIDENTS ADDRESS—SECTION I. 153 
conditioned” and the “ Conditioned,” we find that Matter and 
Mind are both contained in the latter. So that whatever their 
essential natures may be, they both have limitations and both 
have the appearance of being manufactured articles; and must 
at one time have had no existence, and must as certainlysome time 
have an end, at least, when no longer sustained by the “ Un- 
conditioned.” This community of dependence on condition leads 
the psychologist to hope that by considering the physical struc- 
tures which are necessary for the expression of the phenomena 
of mind, he may at the same time exert an influence on the nature 
of the product. 
This brings us to the point as to what extent it is justifiable 
to speak of the brain as the “organ of mind.” It is obvious 
that we can only have knowledge of anything through the im- 
pressions which are received by the senses, or from different 
parts oi the body, and conveyed to the brain. A study of the 
nervous system shows that all parts are anatomically and physio- 
logically connected with certain portions of the brain, and that 
all the organs and tissues of the body are similarly related to 
the nervous system. The brain cannot be considered as one 
uniform whole, but must be looked upon as consisting of a 
number of specialised organs or structures. According to Hugh- 
lings Jackson the brain for functional purposes may be divided 
into a basement, and a lower and upper story. In the base- 
ment all impressions are presented, and unless controlled or 
inhibited by more specialised structures, the resultant is a 
simple reflex action, not differing materially from spinal cord 
responses to stimuli. This simple condition is found in all 
vertebrate animals. In the lower story all impressions are re- 
presented in more or less complex groups, and the functioning 
of these structures will influence the functioning of the centres 
in the basement. This is the more advanced stage of develop- 
ment reached by many animals. In the upper story all impres- 
sions are re-represented, that is, for a third time, and in ever- 
increasing complexity and generalisation of groupings. As far as 
is known, the possible manifestation .of mind, humanly speak- 
ing, is the functioning which is resultant of the degree of com- 
plexity and development of this portion of the brain, forming 
what is called the cortex cerebri. If any structure is to be called 
the “organ of mind,” the name would most justly apply to 
this portin. It must, however, be remembered that although 
all other portions of the nervous system are either directly or 
indirectly under the controlling influence of this latest and most 
specialised portion of the organism, yet this latter has no in- 
dependent action, and simply reflects the body as a whole in its 
most complex relationships to itself and to the external world. 
It is found that if the cortex can influence the functioning of 
any other portion of the organism, any other portion of the 
